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Human-induced eutrophication maintains high parasite prevalence in breeding threespine stickleback populations

机译：人为的富营养化在三脊背棘背鱼种群中保持较高的寄生虫流行率

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摘要

Anthropogenic activities are having profound impacts on species interactions, with further consequences for populations and communities. We investigated the influence that anthropogenic eutrophication has on the prevalence of the parasitic tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus in threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus populations. We caught stickleback from four areas along the coast of Finland, and within each area from one undisturbed and one eutrophied habitat. We found the prevalence of the parasite to be lower in the eutrophied habitats at the start of the breeding season, probably because of fewer piscivorous birds that transmit the parasite. However, while the prevalence of the parasite declined across the season in the undisturbed habitat, it did less so in eutrophied habitats. We discuss different processes that could be behind the differences, such as lower predation rate on infected fish, higher food availability and less dispersal in eutrophied habitats. We found no effect of eutrophication on the proportion of infected stickleback that entered reproductive condition. Together with earlier findings, this suggests that eutrophication increases the proportion of infected stickleback that reproduce. This could promote the evolution of less parasite resistant populations, with potential consequences for the viability of the interacting parties of the host-parasite system.
机译：人为活动正在对物种相互作用产生深远的影响，对人口和社区产生进一步的影响。我们调查了人为的富营养化对三脊背棘背式Gasterosteus aculeatus种群中寄生tape虫血吸虫固形体流行的影响。我们从芬兰海岸的四个地区以及每个地区的一个不受干扰和富营养化的栖息地中发现了棘背le。我们发现，在繁殖季节开始时，在富营养化栖息地的寄生虫患病率较低，这可能是由于传播寄生虫的食鱼鸟类减少了。然而，尽管在不受干扰的栖息地中，该寄生虫的流行率在整个季节都下降了，但是在富营养化的栖息地中，寄生虫的流行却有所减少。我们讨论了可能导致差异的不同过程，例如较低的被感染鱼捕食率，较高的食物利用率以及在富营养化栖息地中的分散程度较低。我们发现富营养化对进入生殖状态的受感染刺le比例没有影响。连同较早的发现，这表明富营养化增加了受感染的棘背鱼繁殖的比例。这可能会促进对寄生虫抵抗力较小的种群的进化，并对宿主-寄生虫系统相互作用各方的生存能力产生潜在影响。

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