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The past, present and future of fluorescent protein tags in anaerobic protozoan parasites

机译：厌氧原生动物寄生虫中荧光蛋白标签的过去，现在和未来

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摘要

The world health organization currently recognizes diarrhoeal diseases as a significant cause of death in children globally. Protozoan parasites such as Giardia and Entamoeba that thrive in the oxygen-deprived environment of the human gut are common etiological agents of diarrhoea. In the urogenital tract of humans, the anaerobic protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis is notorious as the most common non-viral, sexually transmitted pathogen. Even with high medical impact, our understanding of anaerobic parasite physiology is scarce and as a result, treatment choices are limited. Fluorescent proteins (FPs) are invaluable tools as genetically encoded protein tags for advancing knowledge of cellular function. These FP tags emit fluorescent colours and once attached to a protein of interest, allow tracking of parasite proteins in the dynamic cellular space. Application of green FPs-like FPs in anaerobic protozoans is hindered by their oxygen dependency. In this review, we examine aspects of anaerobic parasite biology that clash with physio-chemical properties of FPs and limit their use as live-parasite protein tags. We expose novel FPs, such as miniSOG that do not require oxygen for signal production. The potential use of novel FPs has the opportunity to leverage the anaerobe parasitologist toolkit to that of aerobe parasitologist.
机译：世界卫生组织目前认识到腹泻病是全球儿童死亡的重要原因。在人类肠道缺氧的环境中壮成长的原生动物寄生虫，例如贾第鞭毛虫和变形虫，是腹泻的常见病原体。在人类的泌尿生殖道中，厌氧的原生动物寄生虫阴道毛滴虫是最常见的非病毒性传播病原体。即使具有很高的医学影响，我们对厌氧性寄生虫生理的了解仍然很少，因此治疗选择受到限制。荧光蛋白（FPs）作为遗传编码的蛋白质标签，是无价的工具，可用于增进对细胞功能的了解。这些FP标签会发出荧光色，一旦附着到目标蛋白质上，就可以跟踪动态细胞空间中的寄生虫蛋白质。绿色FPs样FPs在厌氧原生动物中的应用因其对氧气的依赖性而受到阻碍。在这篇综述中，我们研究了与FPs的理化特性冲突并限制其用作活寄生虫蛋白质标签的厌氧寄生虫生物学的各个方面。我们展示了新颖的FP，例如miniSOG，它们不需要氧气即可产生信号。新型FP的潜在用途有机会利用厌氧寄生虫学家工具包来替代厌氧寄生虫学家。

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