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The diversity-disease relationship: evidence for and criticisms of the dilution effect

机译：多样性与疾病的关系：稀释效应的证据和批评

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摘要

The dilution effect, that high host species diversity can reduce disease risk, has attracted much attention in the context of global biodiversity decline and increasing disease emergence. Recent studies have criticized the generality of the dilution effect and argued that it only occurs under certain circumstances. Nevertheless, evidence for the existence of a dilution effect was reported in about 80% of the studies that addressed the diversity-disease relationship, and a recent meta-analysis found that the dilution effect is widespread. We here review supporting and critical studies, point out the causes underlying the current disputes. The dilution is expected to be strong when the competent host species tend to remain when species diversity declines, characterized as a negative relationship between species' reservoir competence and local extinction risk. We here conclude that most studies support a negative competence-extinction relationship. We then synthesize the current knowledge on how the diversity-disease relationship can be modified by particular species in community, by the scales of analyses, and by the disease risk measures. We also highlight the complex role of habitat fragmentation in the diversity-disease relationship from epidemiological, evolutionary and ecological perspectives, and construct a synthetic framework integrating these three perspectives. We suggest that future studies should test the diversity-disease relationship across different scales and consider the multiple effects of landscape fragmentation.
机译：在全球生物多样性下降和疾病增加的情况下，高宿主物种多样性可以降低疾病风险的稀释效应引起了广泛关注。最近的研究批评了稀释效应的普遍性，并认为它仅在某些情况下发生。然而，在大约80％的研究中，有证据表明存在稀释效应，该研究涉及多样性与疾病的关系，最近的荟萃分析发现，稀释效应是广泛的。我们在这里回顾支持和批判性研究，指出当前争端的根源。当合格的寄主物种在物种多样性下降时趋于保留时，稀释度将很强，这被认为是物种库能力与当地灭绝风险之间的负相关关系。我们在此得出结论，大多数研究都支持消极的能力消亡关系。然后，我们综合了有关如何通过社区中的特定物种，分析规模和疾病风险度量来改变多样性-疾病关系的当前知识。我们还从流行病学，进化论和生态学的角度强调了生境破碎化在多样性-疾病关系中的复杂作用，并构建了综合了这三个观点的综合框架。我们建议未来的研究应该测试不同尺度下的多样性-疾病关系，并考虑景观破碎化的多重影响。

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