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Probing the tri-trophic interaction between insects, nematodes and Photorhabdus.

机译：探究昆虫，线虫和Photorhabdus之间的三营养相互作用。

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SUMMARY: Photorhabdus sp. are entomopathogenic bacteria which, upon experimental infection, interact with the insect immune system, but little is known about the roles of their symbiotic nematode partners Heterorhabditis sp. in natural infections. Here, we investigated the respective contributions of nematodes and bacteria by examining humoral and cellular immune reactions of the model lepidopteran insect Manduca sexta against Heterorhabditis carrying Photorhabdus, nematodes free of bacteria (axenic nematodes) and bacteria alone. Insect mortality was slower following infection with axenic nematodes than when insects were infected with nematodes containing Photorhabdus, or the bacteria alone. Nematodes elicited host immune responses to a lesser extent than bacteria. Transcription of certain recognition and antibacterial genes was lower when insects were naturally infected with nematodes carrying no bacteria compared to insects that received bacteria, either with or without nematodes. Axenic nematodes also did not elicit such high levels of phenoloxidase activity and haemocyte aggregates as did treatments involving Photorhabdus. By contrast, the phagocytic capability of host haemocytes was decreased by both axenic and bacteria-associated nematodes, but not by Photorhabdus alone. These results imply that both bacteria and nematodes contribute separately to the pathogenic modulation of host immune responses during natural infections by the mutualistic Heterorhabdus-Photorhabdus complex.
机译：摘要：Photorhabdus sp。它们是昆虫病原细菌，经实验性感染后会与昆虫的免疫系统相互作用，但对其共生线虫伙伴异种钩虫的作用知之甚少。在自然感染中。在这里，我们通过检查模型鳞翅目昆虫曼杜卡（Menduca sexta）对携带光梭菌，不含细菌的线虫（轴突线虫）和单独的细菌的体液和细胞免疫反应，研究了线虫和细菌的各自贡献。与用含有光生虫的线虫或仅由细菌感染的线虫感染昆虫相比，用轴生线虫感染后的昆虫死亡率要慢。线虫引起的宿主免疫反应的程度要低于细菌。当昆虫被不携带细菌的线虫自然感染时，与接受或不携带线虫的昆虫相比，某些识别和抗菌基因的转录水平较低。象线虫一样，线虫的线虫也没有引起如此高水平的酚氧化酶活性和血细胞聚集。相比之下，轴突和与细菌相关的线虫都降低了宿主血细胞的吞噬能力，​​但仅光梭菌并没有降低。这些结果表明，细菌和线虫在自然感染过程中通过互惠的杂种-光合作用复合体分别对宿主免疫应答的致病性调节起作用。

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