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Nestling development and the timing of tick attachments

机译：雏鸟的发育和壁虱附着的时间

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Parasites exposed to fast-developing hosts experience a variety of conditions over a short time period. Only few studies in vertebrate-ectoparasite systems have integrated the timing of ectoparasite infestations in the host's development into the search for factors explaining ectoparasite burden. In this study we examined the temporal pattern of attachment in a nidicolous tick (Ixodes arboricola) throughout the development of a songbird (Parus major). In the first experiment, we exposed bird clutches at hatching to a mix of the 3 tick instars (larvae, nymphs and adults), and monitored the ticks that attached in relation to the average broods' age. In a complementary experiment we focused on the attachment in adult female ticks - the largest and most significant instar for the species' reproduction - after releasing them at different moments in the nestlings' development. Our observations revealed a positive association between the size of the attached instar and the broods' age. Particularly, adult females were less likely to be found attached to recently hatched nestlings, which contrasts with the smaller-sized larvae and nymphs. These differences suggest either an infestation strategy that is adapted to host physiology and development, or a result of selection by the hosts' anti-tick resistance mechanisms. We discuss the implications of our results in terms of tick life-history strategies.
机译：暴露于快速发展的宿主的寄生虫在短时间内会遇到多种情况。在脊椎动物-体外寄生虫系统中，只有很少的研究将宿​​主发育过程中体外寄生虫侵扰的时间整合到寻找解释体外寄生虫负担的因素中。在这项研究中，我们研究了整个鸣禽（Parus major）发育过程中ni虱（Ixodes arboricola）的依附时间模式。在第一个实验中，我们将孵化时的鸟离合器暴露于3只tick虫幼虫（幼虫，若虫和成虫）的混合物中，并监测与平均育雏年龄相关的s虫。在一项补充实验中，我们重点研究了成年雌性tick的附着-该物种繁殖的最大和最重要的幼虫-在雏鸟发育的不同时刻释放它们之后。我们的观察结果显示，所附着的幼虫的大小与育雏年龄之间呈正相关。特别是，成年雌性不太可能附着在最近孵化的雏鸟身上，这与较小的幼虫和若虫形成对比。这些差异表明要么是适合宿主生理和发育的侵染策略，要么是宿主抗anti虫抗性机制进行选择的结果。我们根据tick生活史策略来讨论结果的含义。

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