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High cold tolerance through four seasons and all free-living stages in an ectoparasite

机译：体外寄生虫在四个季节和所有自由生活阶段均具有较高的耐寒性

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Off-host stages of temperate parasites must cope with low temperatures. Cold tolerance is often highest in winter, as a result of diapause and cold acclimation, and low during the active summer stages. In some blood-feeding ectoparasites, offspring provisioning determines cold tolerance through all the non-feeding, off-host stages. Large size increases survival in the cold, but so far seasonal variation in within-female offspring size has not been associated with offspring cold tolerance. The deer ked (Lipoptena cervi) reproduces on cervids from autumn to spring. Newborn pupae drop off the host, facing frosts without any acclimation. We examined cold tolerance through 4 seasons and from birth to adulthood by means of short-and long-term frost exposure. We expected females to produce more tolerant offspring in winter than in spring. Large spring pupae survived prolonged frosts better than did small winter pupae. Thus more tolerant offspring were not produced when the temperature outside the host is at its lowest. Unexpectedly, the freezing points were -20°C or below all year round. We showed that high cold tolerance is possible without acclimation regardless of life stage, which presumably correlates with other survival characteristics, such as the starvation resistance of free-living ectoparasites.
机译：温带寄生虫的脱离宿主阶段必须应对低温。由于滞育和冷适应，冬季的耐寒性通常最高，而在活跃的夏季则较低。在某些以血液喂养的体外寄生虫中，后代供应决定了所有非喂养，脱离宿主阶段的耐寒性。大的尺寸增加了寒冷时的存活率，但是到目前为止，雌性后代尺寸的季节性变化与后代的耐冷性没有关系。鹿科（Lipoptena cervi）从秋天到春天在鹿身上繁殖。新生p掉下宿主，面对霜冻，没有任何适应。我们通过短期和长期的霜冻暴露检查了四个季节以及从出生到成年的耐寒性。我们希望雌性在冬天比春天繁殖更多的后代。大型春季p在长期霜冻中的存活要比小型冬季p更好。因此，当宿主外部的温度最低时，不会产生更多的耐受性后代。出乎意料的是，全年的冰点都在-20°C或更低。我们表明，无论生活阶段如何，都可以在不适应环境的情况下实现较高的耐寒性，这大概与其他生存特征有关，例如自由生存的外寄生物的抗饥饿性。

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