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首页> 外文期刊>Physics and chemistry of the earth >Investigating the water balance of on-farm techniques for improved crop productivity in rainfed systems: A case study of Makanya catchment, Tanzania
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Investigating the water balance of on-farm techniques for improved crop productivity in rainfed systems: A case study of Makanya catchment, Tanzania

机译：研究提高雨养系统农作物生产率的田间技术的水平衡：以坦桑尼亚马坎亚流域为例

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摘要

Water scarcity is a perennial problem in sub-Saharan agricultural systems where extreme rainfall events dominate agricultural seasons. Dry spell occurrences between and during seasons negatively impact on crop yields especially if such dry spells exceed 14 days. The impact of dry spells is felt more at smallholder farming scales where subsistence farming is the only source of livelihood for many households. This paper presents results from on-going research to improve rainfed water productivity in and and semi-arid regions. The study site is the Makanya catchment in northern Tanzania where rainfall rarely exceeds 400 mm/season. Rainwater alone is not sufficient to support maize which is the preferred crop. The research introduced new soil and water conservation measures to promote water availability into the root zone. The introduced techniques include deep tillage, runoff diversion, fanya juus (infiltration trenches with bunds) and infiltration pits. The research aims at understanding the effectiveness of these interventions in increasing moisture availability within the root zone. Time domain reflectometry (TDR) was used to measure soil moisture twice weekly at 10 cm depth intervals up to depths of 2 m. Soil moisture fluctuated in the range 5-25% of volume with the beginning of the season recording the driest moisture levels and periods after good rainfall/runoff events recording the highest moisture levels. From the field observations made, a spreadsheet model was developed to simulate soil moisture variations during different maize growth stages. The results obtained show that the zones of greatest soil moisture concentrations are those around the trenches and bunds. Soil moisture is least at the centre of the plots. The study confirms the effectiveness of the introduced techniques to help concentrate the little available rainfall into green water flow paths. Indirect benefits from these improved techniques are the creation of fertile and moist zones around the bunds where Supplementary food crops (e.g. bananas and cassava) can be grown even in dry seasons.
机译：在撒哈拉以南的农业系统中，缺水是一个长期存在的问题，那里的极端降雨事件主导着农业季节。季节之间和季节之间的干旱时期对作物的产量有负面影响，特别是如果干旱时期超过14天。在小农户规模上，旱灾的影响更为明显，在这种规模上，自给农业是许多家庭唯一的生计来源。本文介绍了正在进行的改善半干旱和半干旱地区雨水生产率的研究成果。研究地点是坦桑尼亚北部的Makanya集水区，降雨量很少超过每季400毫米。仅雨水不足以支持玉米，后者是首选作物。该研究引入了新的水土保持措施，以促进根部地区的水供应。引入的技术包括深耕，径流改道，范亚朱斯（带堤的入渗沟）和入渗坑。该研究旨在了解这些干预措施在增加根区水分供应方面的有效性。时域反射仪（TDR）每周两次以10 cm的深度间隔测量土壤湿度，直至2 m的深度。在季节开始时，土壤湿度在体积的5-25％范围内波动，水分含量最干燥，而降雨/径流事件发生后的时期则记录最高水分含量。根据现场观察，开发了电子表格模型来模拟不同玉米生长阶段土壤水分的变化。获得的结果表明，土壤湿度最高的区域是沟渠和堤岸周围的区域。土壤水分至少位于样地中心。该研究证实了引入技术的有效性，以帮助将很少的可用降雨集中到绿水流动路径中。这些改进技术的间接好处是，在外滩周围形成了肥沃的湿润地带，即使在干旱季节，也可以种植辅助粮食作物（例如香蕉和木薯）。

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