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The physiology of glucagon-like peptide 1.

机译：胰高血糖素样肽1。

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Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a 30-amino acid peptide hormone produced in the intestinal epithelial endocrine L-cells by differential processing of proglucagon, the gene which is expressed in these cells. The current knowledge regarding regulation of proglucagon gene expression in the gut and in the brain and mechanisms responsible for the posttranslational processing are reviewed. GLP-1 is released in response to meal intake, and the stimuli and molecular mechanisms involved are discussed. GLP-1 is extremely rapidly metabolized and inactivated by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV even before the hormone has left the gut, raising the possibility that the actions of GLP-1 are transmitted via sensory neurons in the intestine and the liver expressing the GLP-1 receptor. Because of this, it is important to distinguish between measurements of the intact hormone (responsible for endocrine actions) or the sum of the intact hormone and its metabolites, reflecting the total L-cell secretion and therefore also the possible neural actions. The main actions of GLP-1 are to stimulate insulin secretion (i.e., to act as an incretin hormone) and to inhibit glucagon secretion, thereby contributing to limit postprandial glucose excursions. It also inhibits gastrointestinal motility and secretion and thus acts as an enterogastrone and part of the "ileal brake" mechanism. GLP-1 also appears to be a physiological regulator of appetite and food intake. Because of these actions, GLP-1 or GLP-1 receptor agonists are currently being evaluated for the therapy of type 2 diabetes. Decreased secretion of GLP-1 may contribute to the development of obesity, and exaggerated secretion may be responsible for postprandial reactive hypoglycemia.
机译：胰高血糖素样肽1（GLP-1）是通过在胰高血糖素中进行差异加工而在肠上皮内分泌L细胞中产生的30个氨基酸的肽激素。审查有关调节胰高血糖素原基因在肠道和大脑中的表达的知识，以及负责翻译后加工的机制。 GLP-1响应进食而释放，并讨论了所涉及的刺激和分子机制。 GLP-1甚至在激素离开肠道之前就被二肽基肽酶IV迅速代谢并失活，从而增加了GLP-1的作用通过肠和表达GLP-1的肝脏中的感觉神经元传递的可能性。受体。因此，区分完整激素（负责内分泌作用）或完整激素及其代谢产物的总和的测量很重要，因为这反映了L细胞的总分泌，因此也反映了可能的神经活动。 GLP-1的主要作用是刺激胰岛素分泌（即，充当肠降血糖素激素）并抑制胰高血糖素分泌，从而有助于限制餐后葡萄糖偏移。它也抑制肠胃蠕动和分泌，因此作为肠胃泌素和“回肠制动”机制的一部分。 GLP-1似乎也是食欲和食物摄入的生理调节剂。由于这些作用，目前正在评估GLP-1或GLP-1受体激动剂用于2型糖尿病的治疗。 GLP-1分泌减少可能有助于肥胖的发展，而分泌过多可能是餐后反应性低血糖的原因。

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