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Importance of Treating Culture as a System: Lessons on Counter- Insurgency Strategy from the British Iraqi Mandate

机译：作为一种制度对待文化的重要性 - 从英国的伊拉克任务看反叛乱战略

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The United States and its coalition partners have been militarily involved in Iraq since March 19, 2003, when Operation Iraqi Freedom I began. Two years later, Operation Iraqi Freedom I has ended, 'major combat operations' have ceased--and Operation Iraqi Freedom II is now in full swing, with coalition forces stabilizing the country until full sovereignty for Iraq becomes a practical reality. Aside from traditional generic concerns about nation-building, one could be forgiven for thinking that there would be relatively little that region-specific recent history might have to offer coalition forces as they confront a nascent Iraqi insurgency; but less than 80 years ago, America's closest coalition partner--Great Britain--had similar experiences in the same country during their governance of it as a mandate. British lessons from the 1920s--when Iraq was first founded--are more pertinent for us than ever. In this paper, I argue that British 'lessons learned' can be summarized in one sentence: during occupation and reconstruction, great powers must be sensitive to the fact that culture is a system. If political realities are to shift and nations are to be built, or at least reconfigured, then we must take into account political and social mechanisms operative on the ground in the region we wish to influence.

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