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Appropriate Use of Ecosystem Health and Normative Science in Ecological Policy

机译：在生态政策中适当运用生态系统健康和规范科学

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Effectively resolving complex ecological policy problems may require something211u001ebeyond traditional schemes such as command and control regulation of pollutants, 211u001emaximum sustainable yield, or multiple use management. Normative science (i.e., 211u001escience based on implicit policy preferences) has emerged as a basis of some of 211u001ethe most popular alternatives and modifications to traditional environmental or 211u001enatural resources management. From the suite of contesting alternatives and 211u001emodifications (e.g., ecosystem management, community-based environmental 211u001eprotection, bioregional management, ecological sustainability, ecological 211u001eintegrity, precautionary principle), the author uses 'ecosystem health' as an 211u001eexample of an approach based on normative science. As the understanding of 211u001eecosystem health matures beyond vague explanations, it is becoming increasingly 211u001econtentious, partly because it embodies implicit policy preferences. At the core 211u001eof the debate is a struggle over which societal values and preferences will take 211u001eprecedence. Whether current notions of ecosystem health will evolve sufficiently 211u001eto overcome inherent weaknesses is uncertain. In sum, normative science, 211u001epersonified in concepts such as ecosystem health, with its tacitly derived value 211u001eand preference character, provides limited help in reconciling the most divisive 211u001eelements of ecological policy.

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