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Coastal Zone Management and National Estuarine Research Reserve System Programs Require Management Attention to Increase Effectiveness

机译：沿海地区管理和国家河口研究储备系统计划要求管理层注意提高效率

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With the passage of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, the Congress made clear its desire to preserve, protect, develop, and, where possible, restore and enhance the land and water resources of the nation's coastal zone for this and future generations. The Act created two programs to implement the intent of the Act: the Coastal Zone Management (CZM) and the National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS) programs. Both programs are structured as federal/state partnerships, where the federal government has the role of assisting the states in effectively exercising their responsibilities in the coastal zone and adjoining estuaries, and the states have the role of actually taking action to protect and promote the wise use of land and water resources in the coastal zone. Further, the federal government is responsible for preserving the national interest in managing coastal resources and uses because, as the Act recognized, state boundaries are artificial when it comes to coastal resource management. Currently, 31 of the 35 coastal states, including those of the Great Lakes and U.S. territories, have CZM programs that have been approved by NOAA. Three additional state programs are in various stages of development and, just recently, officials in the one remaining state have expressed an interest in participating in the program. The addition of each new state or territory has added strength and depth to the federal CZM program. Therefore, the long-term goal of linking coastal states and territories, to intelligently manage the development, use, and protection of the coastal resources, is close to being realized. Responsibility for the administration of the CZM and NERRS programs is currently placed in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), specifically in the National Ocean Services Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management (OCRM). In reviewing the effectiveness and efficiency of the two programs, we found that while NOAA was successful in getting the programs off the ground in the 1970s, the next decade was a difficult one, particularly for the CZM program. During the 1980s, several attempts to dismantle the CZM program were made by the Executive Branch, but support and continued funding from the Congress and the coastal states kept the program intact. However, during the 1990's, the CZM program has made a strong comeback with support from the current administration, Congress and states. Its service to and relationships with the state CZM managers and staffs have improved dramatically, and collaborative outreach was extended to other offices both within the National Ocean Service and NOAA, and to other federal agencies who have responsibilities in the coastal zone. We are pleased to note that interviewees from all sectors -- state CZM program managers, academic specialists of the coast and ocean, officials at other federal agencies, and OCRM managers and staff -- confirm significant improvement in the vitality and management of both the CZM and NERRS programs.

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