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The Development of High-Performance Post-Tensioned Rocking Systems for the Seismic Design of Structures

机译：高性能抗震设计的结构抗震设计开发

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摘要

It is not economical, nor practical, to design structures to remain elastic following a major earthquake event. Therefore, traditional seismic design methodologies require structures to respond inelastically by detailing members to accommodate significant plasticity (“plastic hinge zones”). It can be appreciated that, while life-safety of the occupants is ensured, structures conforming to this traditional design philosophy will be subjected to excessive physical damage following an earthquake. Thus, the direct costs associated with repair and the indirect costs associated with business interruption are expected to be great. Adding to this, structures located within a near-field region, close to a surface rupture, can be subjected to large velocity pulses due to a ground motion characteristic known as forward directivity in which a majority of the earthquake’s energy arrives within a very short period of time. Conventionally constructed systems are, in general, unable to efficiently deal with this ground motion.In the last two decades, advanced solutions have been developed to mitigate structural damage utilising unbonded post-tensioning within jointed, ductile connections, typically combined with hysteretic damping. While there is a growing interest amongst the engineering fraternity towards more advanced systems, their implementation into mainstream practice is slow due to the lack of understanding of unfamiliar technology and the perceived large construction cost. However, even considering such emerging construction technology, these systems are still susceptible to excessive displacement and acceleration demands following a major velocity-pulse earthquake event. In this research, the behaviour of advanced post-tensioned, dissipating lateral-resisting systems is experimentally and analytically investigated. The information learned is used to develop a robust post-tensioned system for the seismic protection of structures located in zones of high seismicity within near-field or far-field regions.A series of uniaxial and biaxial cyclic tests are performed on 1/3 scale, post-tensioned rocking bridge piers, followed by high-speed cyclic and dynamic testing of five 1/3 scale, post-tensioned rocking walls with viscous and hysteretic dampers. The experimental testing is carried out to develop and test feasible connection typologies for post-tensioned rocking systems and to improve the understanding of their behaviour under cyclic and dynamic loading.Insights gained from the experimental testing are use to extensively refine existing analytical modelling techniques. In particular, an existing section analysis for post-tensioned rocking connections is extended to assess the response of post-tensioned viscous systems and post-tensioned connections under biaxial loading. The accuracy of existing macro-models is further improved and a damping model is included to account for contact damping during dynamic loading.A Direct-Displacement Based Design (DDBD) framework is developed for post-tensioned viscous-hysteretic systems located in near-field and far-field seismic regions. The single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) procedure is generic and has applications in new design and retrofit, while the multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) procedure is developed specifically for continuous bridge systems. Detailed design guidelines and flow-charts are illustrated to encourage the knowledge transfer from this report and to promote the use of emerging technology.Combining the information gathered from experimental testing, modelling and design, a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis is performed on three post-tensioned viscous-hysteretic bridge systems. In all cases, the post-tensioned bridge systems are shown to be more feasible than a traditional monolithic ductile bridge. Furthermore, while a post-tensioned hysteretic bridge is shown to be the most economic solution, the viscous-hysteretic system becomes more advantageous as the cost of fluid-viscous-dampers reduces.
机译：设计结构以在发生重大地震后保持弹性既不经济也不实用。因此，传统的地震设计方法要求结构通过详细说明构件以适应较大的塑性（“塑料铰链区”）而对结构进行非弹性响应。可以理解的是，在确保乘员的生命安全的同时，符合这种传统设计理念的结构在地震后将遭受过度的物理损坏。因此，与维修相关的直接成本和与业务中断相关的间接成本预计将很大。除此之外，由于地面运动特性，即正向方向性，地震的大部分能量在很短的时间内到达，位于近场区域内，靠近表面破裂的结构可能会经受较大的速度脉冲。时间。通常，常规构造的系统无法有效地处理这种地面运动。在过去的二十年中，已经开发出先进的解决方案，以通过在通常是滞后阻尼的联合延性连接中采用无粘结后张应力来减轻结构损伤。尽管工程学界对更先进的系统越来越感兴趣，但是由于缺乏对陌生技术的理解以及所认为的巨大建造成本，将它们实施到主流实践中的速度很慢。但是，即使考虑到这种新兴的建筑技术，这些系统在发生重大速度脉冲地震事件后仍然容易受到过度位移和加速度的要求。在这项研究中，先进的后张拉，耗散的横向抗力系统的行为已通过实验和分析进行了研究。所获信息将用于开发健壮的后张拉系统，以对位于近场或远场区域内高地震活动性地区的结构进行地震保护。以1/3比例进行一系列单轴和双轴循环试验，后张紧的摇桥墩，然后对具有粘性和滞后阻尼器的五个1/3比例，后张紧的摇壁进行高速循环和动态测试。进行实验测试是为了开发和测试后张紧摇摆系统的可行连接类型，并增进对它们在循环和动态载荷下的行为的了解。从实验测试中获得的见识被用于广泛完善现有的分析建模技术。特别地，扩展了现有的后张紧摇摆连接的截面分析，以评估在双轴载荷下后张紧的粘性系统和后张紧的连接的响应。现有宏模型的精度得到了进一步的提高，并且包括了一个阻尼模型来解决动态载荷过程中的接触阻尼问题。针对近场中的后张粘滞滞回系统，开发了一种基于直接位移的设计（DDBD）框架。和远场地震区。单自由度（SDOF）程序是通用的，并且在新设计和翻新中都有应用，而多自由度（MDOF）程序是专门为连续桥梁系统开发的。通过详细的设计指南和流程图来鼓励本报告中的知识转移并促进新兴技术的使用。结合从实验测试，建模和设计中收集的信息，对三个后张紧的地震概率进行了地震危险性分析粘性滞后桥系统。在所有情况下，均显示后张桥系统比传统的整体式延性桥更可行。此外，虽然显示后张滞后桥是最经济的解决方案，但是随着流体-阻尼器成本的降低，粘性滞后系统变得更加有利。

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    Marriott Dion James;

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  • 年度 2009
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  • 正文语种 en
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