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Prey preferences of specialized jumping spiders (Araneae : Salticidae).

机译：特种跳跃蜘蛛的猎物偏好（Araneae：Salticidae）。

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摘要

I studied prey preferences of two groups of specialized jumping spiders (Salticidae), ant-eating ('myrmicophagic') species and spider-eating ('araneophagic') species, in the laboratory. Spiders and ants have in common being unusual and dangerous prey for a salticid. Ten salticid species, four species of Portia (P. africana, P. fimbriata, P. labiata and P. schultzi) which specialize at catching other species of spiders (araneophagic species) and six myrmicophagic species (Chalcotropis sp., Habrocestum pulex, Siler sp., Telamonia masinloc, and two new species of euophryines in a new genus) were studied. Each of these specialized salticid species, whether araneophagic or myrmicophagic, uses prey-specific capture behaviour against its unusual prey and also shows pronounced preferences for these prey (ants or spiders, depending on the species). The capture behaviour of the four species of Portia was known prior to the present study, but the description of capture behaviour of the six ant-eating salticids and the data on preferences of all species are new in this study. Although all myrmicophagic and all araneophagic salticid species tested resemble each other by having prey-specific capture behaviour against ants and spiders, respectively, details of the predatory behaviour used against ants vary among the species, and the same is true for behaviour used against spiders. All Portia species studied are known to have different prey-specific capture behaviour for use against spiders and insects. Also, they are all shown in the present study to have distinctive preferences for web-building spiders over insects as prey. However, the capture behaviour of P. fimbriata from Queensland is also known to differ depending on whether the prey is a web-building spider or a cursorial salticid spider: a specialized behaviour ('cryptic stalking') is used by Queensland P. fimbriata, but not by other Portia, for catching other salticids. In the present study, Queensland P. fimbriata is known also to prefer salticid spiders not only to insects but also to web-building spiders. In contrast, the other Portia species (P. africana, P. labiata and P. schultzi) studied prefer web-building spiders to salticid spiders as prey. This study suggests that, in specialized salticids, the trend is: when a species has a special capture behaviour for a particular type of prey, it also shows a preference for that type of prey. Portia shows intersexual variation in preference. In all Portia species studied, both the males and the females behave similarly during capture sequences against spiders (i.e., use the same prey-specific capture behaviour). Also, both the males and the females of Portia are shown in the present study to have similar preferences for taxonomic categories of prey. However, there are intersexual differences in the size of prey preferred: males prefer smaller prey, and females prefer larger prey. Factors affecting intersexual differences in prey-size preference are discussed. A study of P. labiata from Los Banos in the Philippines illustrates how prey-specific capture behaviour and prey preference may interrelate at a more fine-grain level. In nature, the diet of the Los Banos Portia includes Scytodes, an unusually dangerous prey spider. Scytodes is a genus of spiders with a unique predatory behaviour: these spiders spit a sticky gum from their fangs onto prey, and onto predators. I investigated interactions between Scytodes and four species of web-invading salticids, including P. fimbriata from Queensland, P. labiata from the Philippines and P. labiata from Sri Lanka. Los Banos P. labiata, but neither Queensland P. fimbriata nor Sri Lanka P. labiata, uses a Scytodes-specific capture behaviour, and also it prefers Scytodes as prey. A brooding Scytodes, compared to a non-brooding Scytodes, is a safer prey for a Portia because the brooding Scytodes carries her eggs in her fangs, effectively blocking the spitting weapons. As an apparent refinement of its predatory strategy, Los Banos P. labiata distinctively prefers brooding Scytodes over non-brooding ones. Optimal foraging theory is considered in a discussion of the factors that may have been important in the evolution of prey preferences.
机译：我在实验室研究了两组特殊的跳跃蜘蛛（Salticidae），吃蚂蚁（“食母”）和吃蜘蛛（“食虫”）的猎物偏好。蜘蛛和蚂蚁通常是盐生动物的不寻常和危险的猎物。十种盐生物种，Portia的四种物种（P. africana，P。fimbriata，P。labiata和P. schultzi）专门捕集其他蜘蛛物种（嗜食性物种）和六种食虫性物种（Chalcotropis sp。，Habrocestum pulex，Siler ，例如，Telamonia masinloc和一个新属中的两个新的真植物蛋白。这些专门的盐生物种，无论是嗜食性还是食食性的，都针对其不寻常的猎物使用特定于猎物的捕获行为，并且对这些猎物（蚂蚁或蜘蛛，视物种而定）也表现出明显的偏爱。在本研究之前，已经知道了四种Portia的捕获行为，但是在本研究中，对六种食用蚂蚁的盐类的捕获行为的描述以及所有物种的偏好数据都是新的。尽管所测试的所有嗜食食性和所有食盐性杀虫物种通过分别具有针对蚂蚁和蜘蛛的猎物特异性捕获行为而彼此相似，但是针对蚂蚁使用的掠食行为的细节在物种之间有所不同，针对蜘蛛的行为也是如此。已知所有研究过的Portia物种都有不同的捕食特定捕获行为，可用于抵抗蜘蛛和昆虫。另外，在本研究中，它们都显示出比使用昆虫作为猎物的网状蜘蛛具有明显的偏好。但是，昆士兰州对疟原虫的捕获行为也有所不同，具体取决于猎物是网状蜘蛛还是游标的盐味蜘蛛：昆士兰州的昆士兰对疟原虫使用特殊的行为（“隐蔽跟踪”），但其他Portia却没有，因为它们捕获了其他盐菌。在本研究中，昆士兰州的P. fimbriata不仅更喜欢昆虫，而且更喜欢网状蜘蛛，因此也更喜欢咸蜘蛛。相比之下，其他Portia物种（P. africana，P。labiata和P. schultzi）进行研究时，则更喜欢使用网状建造蜘蛛而不是咸蜘蛛。这项研究表明，在专门的盐类中，趋势是：当一个物种对特定类型的猎物具有特殊的捕获行为时，它也显示出对该类型猎物的偏爱。门廊显示两性间的偏好差异。在研究的所有波西亚物种中，雄性和雌性在捕获过程中对蜘蛛的行为相似（即，使用相同的猎物特异性捕获行为）。同样，本研究显示，Portia的雄性和雌性都对生物分类类别的猎物具有相似的偏好。但是，两性之间偏好的猎物大小有所不同：雄性偏好较小的猎物，雌性偏好较大的猎物。讨论了影响猎物大小偏好的两性差异的因素。来自菲律宾洛斯巴诺斯岛的唇唇对虾的一项研究表明，特定猎物的捕获行为和猎物偏好如何在更细粒度的水平上相互关联。在自然界中，Los Banos Portia的饮食包括Scytodes，一种异常危险的猎物蜘蛛。 Scytodes是蜘蛛的一个属，具有独特的掠食性行为：这些蜘蛛将粘牙胶从其尖牙吐到猎物和食肉动物上。我调查了Scytodes与四种入侵网络的含盐菌之间的相互作用，其中包括昆士兰州的P. fimbriata，菲律宾的P. labiata和斯里兰卡的P. labiata。 Los Banos P. labiata，但是昆士兰P. fimbriata和Sri Lanka P. labiata都不使用Scytodes特有的捕获行为，并且它更喜欢Scytodes作为猎物。与非育成的Scytodes相比，育成的Scytodes更是Portia的更安全的猎物，因为育成的Scytodes会在自己的毒牙中携带卵子，从而有效地阻止了随地吐痰的武器。作为对其掠夺性策略的明显改进，Los Banos P. labiata特别喜欢孵化Scytodes，而不喜欢非孵化的Scytodes。在讨论可能对猎物偏好演变产生重要影响的因素时，考虑了最佳觅食理论。

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    Daiquin Li;

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  • 年度 1996
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