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Amphibian biodiversity in an alpine region: a multi-level approach: patterns, processes and conservation implications

机译：高寒地区的两栖动物生物多样性：一种多层次方法：模式，过程和保护意义

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摘要

The present study aims at investigating the patterns and processes affecting the different levels of amphibian biodiversity (genes, species and ecosystems), focusing on a South-Eastern Alps region (Trentino, Italy). Worldwide biodiversity is threatened by an ongoing crisis, caused directly or indirectly by human activities. Global change continuously stresses populations, ecological communities and natural environments, exposing them to new adaptive challenges. Amphibians are particularly sensitive to perturbations due to their complex life histories, susceptible physiology and low dispersal abilities. Since the ’80s they are facing a dramatic decline, known as Global Amphibian Decline. Numerous studies have been carried out in order to monitor the conservation status of populations, their genetic diversity levels, as well as the availability and integrity of amphibian habitats. A growing body of evidence is showing that the different levels in which biological diversity may be divided are broadly linked and ecological processes results from the complex interactions between these parts. Despite of these intrinsic connections, the different aspects of biological diversity have so far been confined to separate lines of research, corresponding to the different fields of evolutionary biology and ecology. To overtake this limitation, modern conservation biology is now increasingly recognizing the need for an integrative approach in the study of the structural and functional components of biodiversity, with the ultimate goal of developing effective strategies to counteract its loss. With this study we made a general attempt in this direction, trying to investigate the evolutionary and ecological processes affecting amphibians populations and communities within a systemic perspective. We chose a widespread amphibian, the common frog (Rana temporaria), as target species for the evaluation of genetic diversity be tween and among populations. Genetic diversity provides the evolutionary potential for populations to adapt to environmental changes, and its preservation is of crucial importance in the context of a widespread amphibian decline. Species distribution records of amphibians species were collected for the whole study area. In addition, accurate information about amphibian communities composition for several selected sites belonging to the Natura2000 network were acquired, together with habitat heterogeneity data. Our goal is to shed light on the interactions between habitat heterogeneity (a proxy for ecosystem diversity) and amphibian diversity, both at the species and genetic level. It is generally accepted that habitat heterogeneity acts as a diversifying force and species richness and genetic diversity are hypothesised to co-vary with a positive correlation. Nevertheless, it is not always clear whether habitat heterogeneity affects the species and genetic level in similar or different patterns, and empirical data are sometimes contradictory. The described research is currently at its initial stage and we presented here some preliminary findings, together with possible conservation outcomes. In addition, some examples (taken from the recent literature) of the effects of one level of biodiversity on the others via several mechanisms are illustrated, with the aim of highlighting their consequences in terms of ecosystem stability and ecosystem services. Lastly, important conservation implications of a good/bad understanding of the nature of these interactions are discussed
机译：本研究旨在调查影响两栖动物生物多样性（基因，物种和生态系统）不同水平的模式和过程，重点是东南阿尔卑斯山地区（意大利特伦蒂诺）。世界范围内的生物多样性受到人类活动直接或间接引起的持续危机的威胁。全球变化持续给人口，生态社区和自然环境带来压力，使他们面临新的适应性挑战。两栖动物由于其复杂的生活史，敏感的生理机能和低分散能力而对扰动特别敏感。自80年代以来，它们正面临着急剧下降的局面，即全球两栖动物衰退。为了监测种群的保护状况，其遗传多样性水平以及两栖动物栖息地的可用性和完整性，已经进行了许多研究。越来越多的证据表明，生物多样性可以划分的不同层次之间有着广泛的联系，而这些部分之间复杂的相互作用导致了生态过程。尽管存在这些内在联系，但迄今为止，生物多样性的不同方面仅限于不同的研究领域，与进化生物学和生态学的不同领域相对应。为了克服这一局限性，现代保护生物学现在越来越认识到在研究生物多样性的结构和功能组成部分时需要一种综合方法，其最终目标是制定有效的策略来应对其丧失。通过这项研究，我们朝这个方向做出了一般性尝试，试图从系统的角度研究影响两栖动物种群和群落的进化和生态过程。我们选择了分布广泛的两栖动物，即普通蛙（Rana temporaria）作为评估介于种群之间和种群之间遗传多样性的目标物种。遗传多样性为种群适应环境变化提供了进化潜力，在两栖动物普遍减少的情况下，遗传多样性的保护至关重要。在整个研究区域内收集了两栖动物的物种分布记录。此外，还获得了有关属于Natura2000网络的多个选定站点的两栖动物群落组成的准确信息，以及栖息地异质性数据。我们的目标是在物种和遗传水平上阐明栖息地异质性（生态系统多样性的代名词）与两栖动物多样性之间的相互作用。人们普遍认为，生境的异质性是一种多样化的力量，并且假设物种丰富度和遗传多样性可以以正相关关系变化。然而，尚不清楚生境异质性是否以相似或不同的方式影响物种和遗传水平，并且经验数据有时是矛盾的。所描述的研究目前尚处于初期阶段，我们在此介绍了一些初步发现以及可能的保护成果。此外，还举例说明了生物多样性水平通过几种机制对另一种水平的影响的一些例子（摘自最近的文献），目的是突出其对生态系统稳定性和生态系统服务的影响。最后，讨论了对这些相互作用的本质的好/坏理解的重要保护意义。

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