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Atmospheric processes affecting the separation of volcanic ash and SO2 in volcanic eruptions: inferences from the May 2011 Grímsvötn eruption

机译：大气过程影响火山喷发中火山灰和SO2的分离：2011年5月格林斯沃特喷发的推论

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The separation of volcanic ash and sulfur dioxideud(SO2) gas is sometimes observed during volcanic eruptions.udThe exact conditions under which separation occurs are notudfully understood but the phenomenon is of importance becauseudof the effects volcanic emissions have on aviation, onudthe environment, and on the earth’s radiation balance. Theuderuption of Grímsvötn, a subglacial volcano under the Vatnajökulludglacier in Iceland during 21–28 May 2011 producedudone of the most spectacular examples of ash and SO2 separation,udwhich led to errors in the forecasting of ash in theudatmosphere over northern Europe. Satellite data from severaludsources coupled with meteorological wind data and photographicudevidence suggest that the eruption column was unableudto sustain itself, resulting in a large deposition of ash,udwhich left a low-level ash-rich atmospheric plume movingudsouthwards and then eastwards towards the southern Scandinavianudcoast and a high-level predominantly SO2 plume travellingudnorthwards and then spreading eastwards and westwards.udHere we provide observational and modelling perspectivesudon the separation of ash and SO2 and present quantitativeudestimates of the masses of ash and SO2 that erupted,udthe directions of transport, and the likely impacts. We hypothesiseudthat a partial column collapse or “sloughing” fedudwith ash from pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) occurredudduring the early stage of the eruption, leading to an ash-ladenudgravity intrusion that was swept southwards, separated fromudthe main column. Our model suggests that water-mediatedudaggregation caused enhanced ash removal because of theudplentiful supply of source water from melted glacial ice andudfrom entrained atmospheric water. The analysis also suggestsudthat ash and SO2 should be treated with separate sourceudterms, leading to improvements in forecasting the movementudof both types of emissions.
机译：在火山喷发时有时会观察到火山灰和二氧化硫 ud（SO2）气体的分离。 ud对分离的确切条件尚不了解，但这种现象很重要，因为火山排放对航空的影响，环境，地球的辐射平衡。在2011年5月21日至28日期间，冰岛瓦特纳冰原 udglacier下的冰川下火山Grímsvötn的破裂，形成了灰分和SO2分离最壮观的例子， udud导致了大气层灰分预测的错误在北欧。来自几个 udsources的卫星数据，加上气象风数据和摄影证据，表明喷发柱无法 ud 自持，导致大量的灰烬沉积， ud留下了低灰分的富灰大气羽流 ududwards向南然后向东向斯堪的纳维亚南部的 udcoast过渡，然后有一个高水平的主要是SO2羽流行进向北，然后向东和向西扩散。 ud这里，我们提供了观察和建模的观点关于灰分和SO2的分离，并提供了对灰分和SO2的定量估算喷出的大量灰烬和二氧化硫，的运输方向和可能的影响。我们假设 uderation在喷发的早期阶段发生了由火山碎屑密度流（PDCs）注入的灰烬导致的部分柱子塌陷或“塌陷”，从而导致向南扫掠，与udthe主栏。我们的模型表明，由于来自融化的冰川冰和来自夹带的大气水的源水供应充足，水介导的聚集作用提高了除灰效果。分析还建议应使用单独的排放源/灰分处理灰分和二氧化硫，从而改善对两种排放物的运动预测的排放量。

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