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Effects of irrigation and fertilizer management on water and nitrogen use efficiency in maize on a semi-arid loamy sandy soil

机译：干旱和肥料管理对半干旱壤质沙质土壤玉米水氮利用效率的影响

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Understanding water and nitrogen redistribution in the soil profile is important to improve water and nitrogen use efficiency for sustainable agriculture. This thesis evaluates the interactions between water and fertiliser management factors affecting water and nitrogen use efficiency, based on field experiments on a semi-arid loamy sandy soil. The impact on maize (Zea mays L.) yield and other crop properties was also assessed. Cropping periods in two hot-wet seasons and two cold-dry seasons were compared. The treatments involved two irrigation methods (furrow and drip), two irrigation levels (full and reduced) and two top dressing nitrogen fertiliser types (quick-release and slow-release).ududOverall, there were trends for better nitrogen uptake, water and nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield in the cold-dry than in the hot-wet season, especially under reduced irrigation. Furrow irrigation with reduced irrigation level tended to give higher grain and dry matter nitrogen use efficiency in both hot-wet and cold-dry cropping periods. Soil moisture distribution, water flow direction and deep percolation were primarily affected by irrigation method and irrigation level in the cold-dry season and by a combined effect of irrigation level and rainfall events in the hot-wet season. In both seasons, full irrigation level with quick-release nitrogen fertiliser was found to induce more net downward redistribution of water and nitrogen in the soil profile, irrespective of irrigation method. Reduced irrigation, particularly in the hot-wet season, resulted in less deep percolation. In the cold-dry cropping period, reduced irrigation combined with slow-release nitrogen fertiliser, resulted in longer nitrogen residence time at 30 and 60 cm depth, irrespective of irrigation method. Drip irrigation resulted in a moister soil profile overall in both seasons, and thus allowed better growth and elongation of coarse and fine roots, which were denser in the uppermost 56 cm of soil and reached a maximum depth of 80 cm. ududThese results indicate that reduced irrigation should be considered as a potential irrigation management option for semi-arid loamy sandy soil in both hot-wet and cold-dry seasons. Drip irrigation and slow-release nitrogen fertiliser may be suitable options for the cold-dry season.
机译：了解土壤剖面中水和氮的重新分布对于提高可持续农业的水和氮利用效率非常重要。本文基于半干旱壤质沙质土壤的田间试验，评估了水和肥料管理因素之间影响水和氮利用效率的相互作用。还评估了对玉米（Zea mays L.）产量和其他农作物特性的影响。比较了两个热湿季节和两个冷干季节的播种期。处理包括两种灌溉方法（沟灌和滴灌），两种灌溉水平（全灌和减灌）和两种追肥氮肥类型（速释和缓释）。 ud ud总体上，存在氮素吸收更好的趋势，与干湿季相比，冷干期水和氮的利用效率和谷物产量，特别是在减少灌溉的情况下。在湿热和冷干种植期，减少灌溉水平的沟灌往往会提高谷物和干物质的氮利用效率。在冷干季节，主要受灌溉方式和灌溉水平的影响，而在湿热季节，灌溉水平和降雨事件的共同影响主要是影响土壤水分分布，水流方向和深层渗滤。在两个季节中，无论采用何种灌溉方式，都发现使用速效氮肥进行充分灌溉会导致土壤剖面中水和氮的净净向下分配。减少灌溉，特别是在热湿季节，减少了深层渗滤。在冷干作物时期，与灌溉方式无关，减少灌溉与结合缓释氮肥一起使用，会导致氮在30和60 cm处的停留时间更长。滴灌在两个季节中总体上使土壤保持湿润，因此可以更好地生长和延长粗根和细根，粗根和细根在最上层56 cm的土壤中密度更高，最大深度为80 cm。这些结果表明，在热湿和冷干季节，减少灌溉都应被视为半干旱壤质沙质土壤的潜在灌溉管理选择。滴灌和缓释氮肥可能适合冷干季节。

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    Chilundo Mario;

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