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The Behaviour and Ecology of Austrolittorina antipodum and Austrolittorina cincta: Models for Marine Reserve Connectivity Studies

机译：澳洲对虾和澳洲对虾的行为和生态：海洋保护区连通性研究的模型

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摘要

Determining the magnitude of dispersal and connectivity between populations has important implications for marine conservation. Species with limited dispersal capabilities exhibit restricted gene flow leading to isolation and, ultimately, differentiated populations. In this ecological study I investigated the gastropods Austrolittorina antipodum (Philippi, 1847) and Austrolittorina cincta (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) to determine how ecology and behaviour influence the dispersal and connectivity of these species. The aim of this study was to determine population size and structure, settlement, fecundity, and adult movement rates. Methodologies included: population surveys, deployment of settlement pads and adult density manipulations, dissections, and a tagging study. These elements of a species ecology and behaviour can enhance or restrict population connectivity by: cohort partitioning resulting from habitat requirements, fluctuating settlement due to variable larval mortality or adult densities impacting dispersal, skewed sex ratios and effective populations sizes altering larval production, and adult movement leading to behavioural isolation or facilitating gene flow, along with other possible effects. Population surveys revealed both species had a Vermeij (1972) "type 1 distribution" (shell size increasing from the low to high shore), with the highest density of individuals on the low shore and the majority of mature adults on the high shore. Overall, A. antipodum was 16 times more abundant than A. cincta. Shifts to a smaller mean size of both species, along all shore heights following periods of peak settlement indicates settlers are potentially triggering competitive interactions or ontogenetic migrations in other cohorts.Settlement surveys revealed that peak settlement for Austrolittorina spp. was from February to April, declining at the beginning of March. Multiple peaks in settlement may act as a buffer limiting the potential of stochastic events to hinder dispersal during reproductive seasons. Settlement rates were not affected by adult density in control treatments; however, settlement was higher on pads deployed within adult populations compared to pads deployed adjacent to adult populations, suggesting the presences of adults has some effect on settlement.Fecundity results revealed A. antipodum to have more mature females than A. cincta, with males of both species reaching sexual maturity before females. Sex ratios of both species were skewed towards more females, with effective population sizes that included approximately 88% of each species population. A. antipodum’s larger population may be due to variation between the species' demographics, such as the distribution of mature females and juveniles leading to greater spawning success and juvenile survivorship.Tagging transplant/translocation experiments used to examine movement revealed that both species traveled similar distances. On average A. antipodum traveled 24.1m (±23.5m) and A. cincta traveled 18.7m (±16m) in eight months. There was no evidence of behavioural isolation occurring between low and high shore individuals. The wide ranging movements of adults indicated adults have the potential to maintain population connectivity on small scales.The findings of this study suggest both species facilitate dispersal with multiple peaks in settlement, large effective populations, and high adult mobility. Behavioural variation between the species appears to affect population connectivity, with the distribution of A. antipodum demographics potentially enhancing connectivity.
机译：确定种群之间的分散程度和连通程度对海洋保护具有重要意义。具有有限传播能力的物种表现出有限的基因流，导致分离，最终导致分化种群。在这项生态研究中，我研究了腹足动物Austrolittorina antipodum（Philippi，1847）和Austrolittorina cincta（Quoy and Gaimard，1833），以确定生态和行为如何影响这些物种的扩散和连通性。这项研究的目的是确定人口规模和结构，定居，繁殖力和成年流动率。方法包括：人口调查，安置定居点和成人密度操纵，解剖和标记研究。物种生态和行为的这些要素可以通过以下方式增强或限制种群的连通性：由于栖息地需求而导致的人群划分，由于幼虫死亡率或成年密度变化而造成的定居波动，从而影响了分布，偏斜的性别比以及改变幼虫产量和成年后移动的有效种群数量导致行为隔离或促进基因流动，以及其他可能的影响。人口调查显示，这两个物种均具有Vermeij（1972）的“ 1型分布”（壳大小从低岸到高岸增加），低岸个体密度最高，而高岸则是大多数成年成年个体。总体而言，A。antipodum比A. cincta丰富16倍。在峰期定居后，沿着所有海岸高度向这两个物种转移的平均大小都变小，这表明定居者有可能触发其他群体的竞争性相互作用或个体发育移民。定居调查显示，Austrolittorina spp的峰定居。是从2月到4月，从3月初开始下降。沉降中的多个峰值可以充当缓冲剂，以限制随机事件在生殖季节阻碍扩散的可能性。在对照治疗中，定居率不受成年密度的影响；然而，成年种群中部署的垫块比成年种群附近部署的垫块的沉降更高，这表明成年种群的存在对种群的沉降有一定影响。生殖力结果显示，A。antipodum的雌性比C. cincta成熟，男性为两种物种都比雌性先达到性成熟。两种物种的性别比都偏向更多的女性，有效种群规模包括每个物种种群的约88％。对虾的种群较多可能是由于该物种的人口统计学差异，例如成年雌性和幼体的分布导致产卵成功率和幼体存活率更高。 。在八个月内，平均对数链霉菌传播了24.1m（±23.5m），而辛辛菌传播了18.7m（±16m）。没有证据表明在低岸和高岸个人之间发生了行为隔离。成年动物的大范围移动表明，成年动物有可能在小规模上保持种群的连通性。本研究的发现表明，这两种物种都促进了散布，具有多个定居高峰，有效种群和成年高迁移率。物种之间的行为差​​异似乎会影响种群的连通性，而A. antipodum人口统计学的分布可能会增强连通性。

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    Vander Veur Jennifer;

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  • 年度 2011
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