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Money for crime and money from crime: financing crime and laundering crime proceeds

机译：犯罪钱和犯罪钱：为犯罪和洗钱犯罪筹集资金

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摘要

This article summarises briefly what is known internationally about how ‘organised crimes’ are financed and how this differs from the financing of licit businesses. It shows how illicit financing might and does operate, noting that a key issue is the social capital of offenders and their access to illicit finance which ironically, may be easier if controls make it harder to launder money. It then reviews international evidence on how proceeds of crime are laundered, concluding with an examination of the implications of these observations for the study of organised crime and the effects of anti-money laundering efforts. In money laundering cases internationally, the most commonly prosecuted cases are not complicated. This is not evidence that there are no complicated cases, since the proportion of crime proceeds and crime financing that have been subjected to serious investigation is modest. There is a core contradiction between general economic policy pushed hard multilaterally for liberalisation of financial flows and a crime control policy intent on hampering them. No-one could rationally think that AML controls in general or financial investigation in particular will ‘solve’ organised crime completely or eliminate high-level offending: for there even to be a chance to achieve that, there would need to be a step change in transparency and effective action against high-level corruption along all possible supply chains. However more action (not just legislation) on these could facilitate interventions against the more harmful individuals, networks and crime enablers. The less complex financial activities of local drug-dealing gangs can be intervened against, without needing international cooperation or familiarity with sophisticated money laundering typologies.
机译：本文简要总结了国际上有关“有组织犯罪”的筹资方式以及与合法企业融资的区别。它表明了非法融资的方式和运作方式，并指出了一个关键问题是罪犯的社会资本及其获得非法融资的机会，具有讽刺意味的是，如果控制措施使洗钱更加困难，这可能会更容易。然后，它审查了有关如何对犯罪收益进行洗钱的国际证据，最后审查了这些观察对研究有组织犯罪的意义以及反洗钱工作的影响。在国际上的洗钱案件中，最常见的起诉案件并不复杂。这并没有证据表明没有复杂的案件，因为经过认真调查的犯罪收益和犯罪筹资的比例很小。在多边为自由化金融流动而大力推行的总体经济政策与旨在阻止其流动的犯罪控制政策之间存在核心矛盾。没有人会理性地认为，反洗钱控制一般或特别是财务调查会完全“解决”有组织的犯罪或消除高级别犯罪：即使有机会实现这一目标，也需要在步骤上有所变化。透明和针对所有可能的供应链采取有效行动以应对高水平的腐败。但是，对此采取更多行动（不仅是立法），可以促进对更具危害性的个人，网络和犯罪分子的干预。可以干预本地毒品交易团伙较不复杂的金融活动，而无需国际合作或不熟悉复杂的洗钱类型。

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    Levi Michael;

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  • 年度 2015
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  • 正文语种 eng
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