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首页> 外文OA文献 >Development of management strategies to control soil erosion in field grown vegetables with a focus on white cabbage (Brassica oleracea convar. capitata var. alba L.)
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Development of management strategies to control soil erosion in field grown vegetables with a focus on white cabbage (Brassica oleracea convar. capitata var. alba L.)

机译：制定防治策略，以田间蔬菜（尤其是白菜）控制水土流失（Brassica oleracea convar。capitata var。alba L.）

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摘要

Soil erosion by wind and water is a widely recognized problem throughout the world. Field grown vegetables, such as white cabbage (Brassica oleracea convar. capitata var. alba L.), are particularly endangered by soil erosion because of high disturbance tillage, including deep inversion tillage by the mouldboard plough. Furthermore, wide row spacing and late soil covering by leaves intensify the problem. In light of this, field experiments were conducted from 2011 to 2013 in southwest Germany to investigate, develop and adapt soil erosion control strategies, in particular for field grown vegetables, with white cabbage as a model crop. Focus was placed first, on the use of row covers (fleece and nets), which are usually used as frost protection or for pest control in organic farming, and second, on the development and adoption of strip-tillage for field grown vegetables, which combine the benefits from conventional tillage (high yields) and no-tillage (erosion control).Artificial rainfall simulations demonstrated a high erosion control by row covers. Soil loss under fleece cover was reduced on average by 76% and under net cover by 48% compared to the uncovered control treatment. In 2012, fresh matter head yield was significantly higher under fleece (80 t ha-1) than control treatment (66 t ha1). The opposite was found in 2013, with highest yield under the non-covered control (64 t ha-1) and lowest under fleece cover (53 t ha-1). A higher prevalence of diseases under row covers compared to the control was only found in 2012 with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on 4% of cabbage heads under fleece cover. Soil loss under strip-tillage during artificial rainfall simulations in 2011 was reduced by an average of 80% compared to conventional tillage (512 g m-2). In 2012, soil losses were reduced by an average of 90% under non-intensive strip-tillage and by 48% under intensive strip-tillage compared to conventional tillage (210 g m-2). The fresh matter head yield in 2011 and 2013 under strip-tillage (58 t ha-1 and 57 t ha-1, respectively) was similar to conventional tillage (59 t ha-1 and 58 t ha-1, respectively). In 2012, cabbage yield was significantly higher under strip-tillage (74 t ha-1) than under conventional tillage (65 t ha-1). The intensive strip-tillage treatments with broadcast and band-placed nitrogen fertilization did not show a yield increase. Yield potential under band-placed fertilized strip-tillage was, at 67 t ha 1 (2012) and 50 t ha-1 (2013), the lowest within the strip-tillage treatments. The CROPGRO cabbage model was evaluated for cabbage production under temperate European climate conditions. After calibration of main parameters of phenology and plant growth, the model showed a high accuracy with indices of agreement mostly above d=0.94. Observed dry matter cabbage head yields of the different years and different locations ranged between 6574 kg ha-1 and 11926 kg ha 1 which were predicted by the model with an accuracy of R2=0.98. Also the sensitivity analysis, conducted under different nitrogen fertilizer amounts and different fertilizer application strategies, generated realistic values from an agronomic point of view. Overall, row covers and strip-tillage seem to be suitable for minimizing the erosion risk in vegetable production. The hypotheses of high erosion control under row covers and strip tillage can be accepted. Due to the modified microclimate under row covers, the infestation with pests and diseases can increase and the influence on cabbage growth can result in either a yield increase or decrease. Based on the study results, there is no evidence that the intensive, double-tilled strip-tillage treatment or the band-placed nitrogen fertilization lead to a yield increase. The non-intensive strip-tillage with only soil preparation in autumn showed the highest yield potential within the strip-tillage treatments, with similar or even higher yields than under conventional tillage. Furthermore, the CROPGRO cabbage model is suitable to simulate growth parameters and yield potential of white cabbage under temperate European climate conditions. For the future, due to the prediction of increased frequency of heavy rainfall events, soil conservation will focus increasingly on intensive crop production and farmers, particularly vegetables growers, will be increasingly dependent on erosion control strategies. For this reason, the approaches presented in this thesis can contribute significantly to produce field grown vegetables in a sustainable way that promotes soil protection.
机译：风和水对土壤的侵蚀是全世界公认的问题。田间种植的蔬菜，例如白菜（Brassica oleracea convar。capitata var。alba L.），由于高干扰耕种（包括深板翻耕深翻耕），特别容易受到土壤侵蚀的威胁。此外，较宽的行距和较晚的叶子覆盖土壤加剧了该问题。有鉴于此，2011年至2013年在德国西南部进行了田间试验，以调查，制定和适应土壤侵蚀控制策略，特别是对于以白菜为样板作物的田间种植蔬菜。首先将重点放在使用行盖（羊毛和网）上，该行盖通常用于有机农业中的防霜或害虫防治，其次是开发和采用田间种植蔬菜的免耕耕作法，结合了传统耕作（高产）和免耕（侵蚀控制）的好处。人工降雨模拟表明，行盖可以有效控制侵蚀。与未覆盖的对照处理相比，羊毛覆盖下的土壤流失平均减少了76％，净覆盖下的土壤流失减少了48％。 2012年，在羊毛（80 t ha-1）下，新鲜物质头的产量显着高于对照（66 t ha1）。在2013年发现了相反的情况，在未覆盖的对照下最高产量（64 t ha-1），在羊毛覆盖下最低（53 t ha-1）。仅在2012年，只有4％的羊毛覆盖的白菜头上的菌核盘菌（Sclerotiania sclerotiorum）硬化菌比对照组的病患率更高。与传统耕作（512 g m-2）相比，2011年人工降雨模拟下的耕作耕作造成的土壤流失平均减少了80％。与传统耕作（210 g m-2）相比，2012年非集约耕作的土壤流失平均减少了90％，集约耕作的土壤流失减少了48％。条耕法（分别为58 t ha-1和57 t ha-1）下的2011年和2013年新鲜物质头产量与常规耕作（分别为59 t ha-1和58 t ha-1）相似。 2012年，剥离耕种（74 t ha-1）的白菜产量显着高于传统耕作（65 t ha-1）。播种和带氮施肥对耕地进行的集约耕作处理并未显示出增产。带状施肥带状耕作的产量潜力分别为67 t ha 1（2012年）和50 t ha-1（2013年），在带状耕作处理中最低。针对欧洲温带气候条件下的白菜生产，评估了CROPGRO白菜模型。在对物候和植物生长的主要参数进行校准后，该模型显示出较高的准确性，一致性指数大多高于d = 0.94。该模型预测的不同年份和不同地点的干物质白菜头产量在6574 kg ha-1和11926 kg ha 1之间，精度为R2 = 0.98。同样，在不同氮肥用量和不同肥料施用策略下进行的敏感性分析，从农艺学的角度得出了现实的价值。总体而言，行盖和条耕机似乎适合将蔬菜生产中的侵蚀风险降至最低。可以接受在行盖和条耕下进行高侵蚀控制的假设。由于行盖下的微气候变化，病虫害的侵袭会增加，对白菜生长的影响可能导致产量增加或减少。根据研究结果，没有证据表明密集的双耕条耕作或带氮施肥会导致产量增加。秋季仅进行整地的非集约耕作在耕作处理中表现出最高的增产潜力，与传统耕作相比产量甚至更高。此外，CROPGRO卷心菜模型适合模拟欧洲温带气候条件下白菜的生长参数和单产潜力。对于未来，由于预测暴雨频率将增加，土壤保护将越来越集中于集约化生产，而农民，特别是蔬菜种植者，将越来越依赖于侵蚀控制策略。因此，本文提出的方法可为以可持续的方式促进土壤保护的田间种植蔬菜做出重要贡献。

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    Übelhör Annegret;

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