reservoir

摘要： Human immunodeficiency virus-1(HIV)reservoirs in the human brain:Antiretroviral therapy(ART)effectively decreases active HIV replication to undetectable levels.Therefore,it greatly improves the quality of life for people living with HIV(PLWH).

摘要： Natural gas hydrate is widely distributed in continental slope sediments and permafrost,taken as a potential energy resource due to its gigantic amount.To develop the technologies for the industrial exploitation of natural gas hydrate,several production tests were carried out in permafrost and marine hydrate reservoirs,e.g.tests in permafrost hydrate reservoirs in Mackenzie Delta and Alaskan North Slope(Boswell et al.,2017)in the Antarctic,and those in marine hydrate reservoirs in Nankai Trough,offshore Japan(Yamamoto et al.,2014,2018),and South China Sea(SCS)(Li et al.,2018;Ye et al.,2020).As encouraged by the results obtained from the production tests,more tests are planned to develop technology for industrial exploitation of natural gas hydrate(Collett et al.,2022).Although production test can be conducted in permafrost hydrate reservoir for cost efficiency,generally it is thought industrial exploitation will be realized in marine hydrate reservoir because it is estimated with over 90%of hydrate resource.

摘要： During the parasitological examinations of the common carp(Cyprinus carpio,L.1758)from the Gradche Reservoir(Macedonia),a total of 126 fish samples were examined,from which parasite infestation was determined in 87 fish(69.05%).In this research,the following parasitic copepods were identified:Ergasilus sieboldi,Ergasilus briani,and Lernaea cyprinacea.Ergasilus sieboldi was found on gills of common carp,with a prevalence of 1.461%,while the mean intensity was 2.357.Ergasilus briani was found on fins of common carp,with a prevalence of 1.879%,while the mean intensity was 38.274.Lernaea cyprinacea was found on the fins of common carp,with a prevalence of 0.552%,while mean intensity was 2,000.Our findings of Ergasilus sieboldi,Ergasilus briani,and Lernaea cyprinacea in common carp are considered as first records for Macedonia.At the same time,common carp is a new host for Ergasilus briani in Macedonian waters.

摘要： The outer coverings of the skeleton,which is also known as the periosteum,are arranged in concentric layers and act as a reservoir for tissue-specific bone progenitors.The cellular heterogeneity within this tissue depot is being increasingly recognized.Here,inducible PDGFRαreporter animals were found to mark a population of cells within the periosteum that act as a stem cell reservoir for periosteal appositional bone formation and fracture repair.During these processes,PDGFRαreporter^(+)progenitors give rise to Nestin+periosteal cells before becoming osteoblasts and osteocytes.The diphtheria toxin-mediated ablation of PDGFRαreporter^(+)cells led to deficits in cortical bone formation during homeostasis and a diminutive hard callus during fracture repair.After ossicle transplantation,both mouse PDGFRαreporter^(+)periosteal cells and human Pdgfrα+periosteal progenitors expand,ossify,and recruit marrow to a greater extent than their counterpart periosteal cells,whereas PDGFRαreporter^(−)periosteal cells exhibit a predisposition to chondrogenesis in vitro.Total RNA sequencing identified enrichment of the secreted factors Fermt3 and Ptpn6 within PDGFRαreporter^(+)periosteal cells,which partly underlie the osteoblastogenic features of this cell population.

摘要： The basin margin slope area of Changling fault depression in Songliao Basin is dominated by intermediate-basic volcanic rocks of Huoshiling Formation,and there is still a lack of in-depth understanding of the development pattern and formation mechanism of high-quality reservoirs in intermediate-basic volcanic rocks in this area.Taking the intermediate volcanic rocks in Longfengshan area of Changling fault depression as an example,a comprehensive study was undertaken via core observations,thin section porosity analysis,rock physical property tests,scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis,combined with well log and seismic d ata.As a result,formation mechanism of a high quality reservoir was made clear based on dissolution modification effects of the volcanic rocks,and the development model of the high quality reservoir under t he dual control of lithology and fluid was established.The research shows that the volcanic rocks in this area consist of six lithologies:andesitic hydrothermal breccia,andesite,andesitic volcanic breccia,andesitic tuff,dacitic tuff and sedimentary tuff,which are controlled by structure,eruptive source,eruptive action and palaeotopography.The proximal facies of the volcanic edifice were located on the basin margin,distributed along faults mainly consisting of overflow facies intermixed with eruptive facies,and gradually transformed into thick eruptive facies(middle-source facies)and volcanic sedimentary facies(distal facies).The reservoir space of volcanic rocks was dominated by dissolution pores,which were formed by weathering and dissolution by organic acidic fluids.The thermal debris flow subphase in the middle-source facies of the volcanic edifice had a large amount of easily dissolved volcanic ash,which was close to the source rock in the centre of the basin and was a favourable area for the development of dissolution pores.This study is providing a guide for oil and gas exploration in the intermediate-basic volcanic rocks in the slope of Changling fault depression in Songliao Basin.

摘要： Complexity arises when trying to maximize oil productions from fields using Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESP). The complexity increases with the increase in the number of reservoirs and wells in a particular field. Individual well’s ESP frequencies have to be constantly updated to ensure optimum oil productions from the field. The choice of the ESP frequency to be used must come from sound engineering decisions which do not come from mere intuition but must be backed up by mathematical models and computer simulations. This study proposes to evaluate field production network optimization on ESP lifted wells using quadratic sequential programming techniques. The optimization approach seeks to determine the ESP frequency for each well that will lead to the maximum field oil production while honouring the field operational constraints. Two reservoirs and five wells were considered. The non-linear optimization problem for the ESP lifted wells in the field was formulated with their boundary conditions. The simulations were performed in Prosper and GAP software. Prosper software was used in building the individual well’s ESP models for the five wells in the field. Individual well’s model in Prosper was exported to GAP and simulations were run in GAP for the field network system. GAP simulations were run in two cases: case 1 comprises ESP simulation without optimization while case 2 comprises ESP simulation with optimization. For case 1, fixed values of ESP frequency were selected for each well and the GAP software calculates the production rates from the wells in the network accruing from the ESP frequencies inputted. For case 2, there was no input ESP frequency as the GAP software was allowed to calculate based on optimization algorithms, the best suitable ESP frequencies for each well in the field that will lead to the maximum total oil production in the field network while honouring the operational constraint imposed on the systems in the field. From the results, it was realized that at the basis of well, the higher the ESP frequency, the higher the well’s production rates. Sensitivities on the effects of separator pressure on production rates show that separator pressures affect the well’s productions rates. A reduction in separator pressure from 200 psig to 80 psig led to a 1.69% increase in field oil rate. Comparison of results for case 1 and case 2 showed that ESP field network simulation with optimization yields had a higher field production rate than ESP field network simulations without optimization. There was an increase in oil rate of 1.16% and 2.66% for constraints 1 and 2 when ESP simulation was done with optimization rather than without optimization. Also, simulation with optimization comes with higher pump efficiency than simulation without optimization.

摘要： Relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem function is one of the core issues in ecological research.Phytoplankton,as the main producer of aquatic ecosystem,its diversity,productivity,and community stability are of great signifi cance to reveal ecosystem function.There are signifi cant diff erences in hydrodynamics,water retention time,and phytoplankton community structure between river-type reservoir and newly built lake-type reservoir.The comparative analysis of phytoplankton community stability between the two types of reservoir has not been reported.Jiuquwan Reservoir(river-type)and Taihu Reservoir(lake-type),the two reservoirs in the Dongjiang River source area of Zhujiang(Pearl)River Basin,were selected for comparison in terms of multi-year operation vs.new impoundment,river-type vs.lake-type,and shallow water vs.sub-deep water reservoirs.Samples were collected in dry season(December 2019),normal season(March 2020),and wet season(August 2020),on which the phytoplankton diversity and productivity of the two reservoirs,and the relationship and diff erence of community stability were examined.Results show that(1)the number of phytoplankton species in Jiuquwan Reservoir decreased comparing that before algal bloom and the restoration treatment,while that in Taihu Reservoir increased compared with that before the impoundment of the reservoir.There was no signifi cant diff erence in functional groups and species number between the two reservoirs(P>0.05);(2)the biological stability,diversity,productivity,and resource utilization effi ciency of newly built lake-type reservoir were higher than those of multi-year river-type reservoir.In addition,the utilization effi ciency of phytoplankton resources was the highest in wet season in both reservoirs.The increases in biodiversity,richness,and evenness promoted the stability of the community,while increases in productivity and resource utilization effi ciency weakened the stability of the community;(3)community stability was aff ected by both biotic and abiotic factors,and hydrodynamic index was the main factor.This study is helpful to understand the relationship and diff erences in phytoplankton diversity,productivity and community stability in diff erent types of reservoirs,and provides a guidance for maintaining the stability of reservoir water ecosystem and protecting the biodiversity.The relationships between phytoplankton diversity,productivity,and community stability will be investigated in depth,for which a long-term observation will be conducted on the impact of environmental factors and diversity on the local biostability in diff erent types of reservoirs.

摘要： A multi-process(fracturing,shut-in and production)multi-phase flow model was derived considering the osmotic pressure,membrane effect,elastic energy and capillary force,to determine the optimal shut-in time after multi-cluster staged hydraulic fracturing in shale reservoirs for the maximum production.The accuracy of the model was verified by using production data and commercial software.Based on this model and method,a physical model was made based on the inversion of fracture parameters from fracturing pressure data,to simulate the dynamic changes of pore pressure and oil saturation during fracturing,soaking and production,examine effects of 7 factors on the optimal shut-in time,and find out the main factors affecting the optimal shut-in time through orthogonal experiments.With the increase of shut-in time,the increment of cumulative production increases rapidly first and then tended to a stable value,and the shut-in time corresponding to the inflection point of the change was the optimal shut-in time.The optimal shut-in time has a nonlinear negative correlation with matrix permeability,porosity,capillary pressure multiple and fracture length,a nonlinear positive correlation with the membrane efficiency and total volume of injected fluid,and a nearly linear positive correlation with displacement.The seven factors in descending order of influence degree on optimal shut-in time are total volume of injected fluid,capillary force multiple,matrix permeability,porosity,membrane efficiency,salinity of fracturing fluid,fracturing fluid displacement.

摘要： Exposure to sunlight must be very well balanced because on the one hand,it is essential for the production of vitamin D,but on the other hand,it can be very harmful to the skin(increased risk for skin carcinogenesis and accelerated photoaging).Exposure to ultraviolet B radiation is a significant determinant of vitamin D status.During exposure to sunlight,the solar UVB photons(290-315 nm)are absorbed by 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin and converted to previtamin D(3),which then undergoes a rapid transformation within the plasma membrane to vitamin D(3).During the winter at latitudes above circa 35 degrees,there is a minimal previtamin D(3)production in the skin[1].Because of that,the prophylactic intake of vitamin D as a pharmacological preparation during the winter at latitudes above 35 degrees is beneficial.Vitamin D status is not only determined by exposure to UVB and limited sources in food,but small effects of polymorphisms in the genes for key proteins involved in vitamin D production and metabolism are also present.The half-life of 25(OH)D is affected by calcium intake.Fat tissue has a function as a reservoir for the parent vitamin D,which is released during the reductions in adiposity.Skeletal muscle might also be an important site of 25(OH)D sequestration,protecting this metabolite from degradation by the liver,because of what exercise is usually associated with better vitamin D status[2].

摘要： Water injection has shown to be one of the most successful,efficient,and cost-effective reservoir management strategies.By re-injecting treated and filtered water into reservoirs,this approach can help maintain reservoir pressure,increase hydrocarbon output,and reduce the environmental effect.The goal of this project is to create a water injection model utilizing Eclipse reservoir simulation software to better understand water injection methods for reservoir pressure maintenance.A basic reservoir model is utilized in this investigation.For simulation designs,the reservoir length,breadth,and thickness may be changed to different levels.The water-oil contact was discovered at 7000 feet,and the reservoir pressure was recorded at 3000 pounds per square inch at a depth of 6900 feet.The aquifer chosen was of the Fetkovich type and was linked to the reservoir in the j+direction.The porosity was estimated to be varied,ranging from 9%to 16%.The residual oil saturation was set to 25%and the irreducible water saturation was set at 20%.The vertical permeability was set at 50 md as a constant.Pressure Volume Temperature(PVT)data was used to estimate the gas and water characteristics.