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首页> 外文会议>2011 Membrane technology conference amp; exposition. >Fouling of RO Membrane: Chemical and Ultrastructural Characterization
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Fouling of RO Membrane: Chemical and Ultrastructural Characterization

机译：反渗透膜的结垢：化学和超微结构表征

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摘要

When performing RO filtration organic and inorganic species present in the feed water are notrnonly responsible for direct fouling/scaling they are also promoters of bio-fouling. Thesernphenomena, collectively called membrane fouling, lead to a critical increase in hydraulicrnresistance which affects the membrane system performance by increasing the operational andrnmaintenance costs. Identification and quantification of foulants is mandatory to understand thernmajor problematic entities so that they can be addressed and controlled specifically. Structuralrncharacterization and conformation study of cake layer reveals the contributory and synergeticrnrole of each foulant.rnDirect and indirect characterization protocols were used to study the membrane fouling layerrnwhile looking at both chemical and microbial entities. Extensive imaging characterization workrnwas performed on surface and cross sections of the intact foulant layer prepared by cryornfixation and freeze drying methods. Focused Ion Beam (FIB) was used to cross section fouledrnmembrane. STEM (scanning transmission electron microscopy) and EDS (energy dispersive Xrayrnspectroscopy) techniques were used to get the dark field images and to perform elementalrnanalysis respectively. These imaging protocols provided information about thickness,rncomposition and conformation of the foulant layer. Foulants were subjected to chemicalrnanalyses (Elemental, FT-IR and Loss on Ignition Test) and these analyses revealed the presencernof all biopolymer classes including polysaccharides, proteins, aminosugars andrnpolyhydroxyaromatics in the foulant layer. The relative proportions of these compounds wererndependent upon the origin of the feed water. The accumulation of various metals was clearlyrnobserved, with variable relative abundance.
机译：当进行反渗透过滤时，进水中存在的有机和无机物质不仅造成直接结垢/结垢，而且还促进了生物结垢。这些现象统称为膜污染，导致水力阻力的严重增加，这会通过增加操作和维护成本来影响膜系统的性能。为了理解主要的问题实体，必须对污垢物进行识别和定量，以便可以对其进行专门处理和控制。滤饼层的结构表征和构象研究揭示了每种污垢的贡献和协同作用。在研究化学和微生物实体的同时，采用直接和间接表征方案研究膜污垢层。对通过冷冻固定和冷冻干燥方法制备的完整污垢层的表面和横截面进行了广泛的成像表征工作。聚焦离子束（FIB）用于横截面污染膜。使用STEM（扫描透射电子显微镜）和EDS（能量色散X射线能谱）技术分别获得暗场图像和元素分析。这些成像协议提供了有关污垢层的厚度，组成和构象的信息。对污垢物进行化学分析（元素，FT-IR和点火损失试验），这些分析揭示了污垢层中所有生物聚合物类的存在，包括多糖，蛋白质，氨基糖和多羟基芳族化合物。这些化合物的相对比例取决于进料水的来源。显然观察到各种金属的积累，具有相对的相对丰度。

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