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首页> 外文会议>2011 water quality technology conference amp; exposition: An Oasis of Ideas for a Changing Environment. >Title: Critical Elements in the Manufacture and Application of Preformed Chloramines
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Title: Critical Elements in the Manufacture and Application of Preformed Chloramines

机译：标题：预制氯胺的生产和应用中的关键要素

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Concerns about chlorinated disinfection by-products (DBPs) formed in the presence ofrnfree chlorine have led many water utilities to use chloramines for disinfection inrndistribution systems. Chloramines, which are formed by a reaction between free chlorinernand ammonia, can also be used to control biofouling during filtration by chlorinernintolerant membranes in water or advanced wastewater treatment. However, therntraditional method of creating chloramines in the main process flow has significantrndisadvantages in certain situations. For example, free chlorine contact time beforernammonia can create chlorinated DBPs. Additionally, poor mixing during the productionrnof chloramines forms more dichloramine, which is known to produce more Nnitrosodimethylaminern(NDMA) than monochloramine. Manufacturing a highconcentrationrnsolution of preformed chloramines in a well-designed sidestream process isrnone approach to minimizing these negative effects of chloramine disinfection. Addingrnpreformed chloramines to drinking water will reduce the formation of chlorinated DBPsrnand NDMA produced from dichloramine. Water reuse facilities are also concerned withrnNDMA in the plant effluent, which highlights another potential application. Preformedrnchloramines could also be used for biofouling control during reverse osmosis (RO)rndesalination of seawater. When seawater is chloraminated using separate addition ofrnchlorine and ammonia bromamines are formed because free chlorine will rapidly oxidizernbromide to bromine, which can react with ammonia to form bromamines. Preformedrnchloramines avoid bromamine formation because the bromide is never exposed to freernchlorine.rnThe application of preformed chloramines for biofouling control of RO membranes hasrnbeen demonstrated at the pilot- and demonstration-scale facilities of West BasinrnMunicipal Water District. Additionally, bench-scale testing has been performed tornexplore specific issues related to manufacturing preformed chloramines. Experience inrnthese applications has identified a number of challenges with the production of a stablernpreformed chloramine solution. This discussion will explore critical factors such asrnsolution concentration, mixing parameters (time, method, reaction rates, etc.), sidestreamrnwater quality, chlorine:ammonia ratio, and Ph. Two different methods for producingrnpreformed chloramines, batch manufacturing and inline mixing, will be compared.rnAdditionally, techniques for verifying the quality of the resulting preformed chloraminesrnwill be discussed. Operational experience with preformed chloramines suggests thisrnapproach could be adapted to improve chloramine efficacy in other drinking water andrnwastewater treatment applications.
机译：关于在无氯存在下形成的氯化消毒副产物（DBP）的担忧，导致许多自来水公司将氯胺用于消毒分配系统。由游离氯和氨之间的反应形成的氯胺也可用于控制在水中或高级废水处理中通过耐氯膜过滤的生物污垢。但是，在某些主要情况下，在主要工艺流程中生成氯胺的传统方法存在很大的缺点。例如，氨气接触游离氯之前的时间会产生氯化DBP。另外，在生产过程中不良的氯胺混合会形成更多的二氯胺，已知二氯胺比一氯胺产生更多的亚硝基二甲基胺（NDMA）。在精心设计的侧流工艺中采用高浓度的预制氯胺溶液制造方法，以尽量减少氯胺消毒的负面影响。在饮用水中添加预制的氯胺会减少二氯胺产生的氯化DBPsn和NDMA的形成。中水回用设施也与工厂废水中的NDMA有关，这突出了另一个潜在的应用。在海水的反渗透（RO）海水淡化过程中，预制的三氯胺还可以用于生物污垢控制。当单独使用氯化氢对海水进行氯化时，会形成溴胺，因为游离氯会迅速将溴化溴氧化为溴，溴会与氨反应生成溴胺。预先形成的氯胺避免了溴胺的形成，因为溴化物从未暴露于游离氯中。在西贝恩市市政水区的中试规模和示范规模的设施中，已证明了预制氯胺在反渗透膜生物污染控制中的应用。此外，已经进行了台式测试，以探索与制造预制氯胺有关的特定问题。这些应用的经验已经确定了生产稳定的预制氯胺溶液的许多挑战。该讨论将探讨关键因素，例如溶液浓度，混合参数（时间，方法，反应速率等），侧流水水质，氯氨比和PH。将使用两种不同的生产预制氯胺的方法，即批生产和在线混合。此外，还将讨论验证所得预制氯胺质量的技术。预制氯胺的操作经验表明，该方法可适用于提高氯胺在其他饮用水和废水处理应用中的功效。

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