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Evolution of Cis-Regulatory Modules

机译：顺式调控模块的发展

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Darwin has proposed that natural selection operates on small inheritable variations between individuals and thus changes in evolution should be gradual.Recently more and more attention has been drawn to the regulatory sequences for their potential contribution to phenotypic variation and adaptation.Features of cis-regulatory variations make them suitable to produce a continuum of gradual changes in the phenotype.In this essay we reviewed current knowledge of Cis-Regulatory Module (CRM)'s function and evolution.While functional divergence of CRM and co-evolution with the trans-factors surely occur,we focused on a set of well studied developmental genes whose expression patterns tend to be well conserved across relatively long evolutionary time.However sequences underling these CRM show dramatic divergence,both in spacing sequences as well as known Transcription Factor Binding Sites (TFBS).We discussed specific properties of CRM related to its evolutionary dynamics.Then we focused on the population genetics details,attempting to investigate the type of evolutionary forces and the strength involved in the process.Finally we attempted to reconcile both conservation and evolution of CRM function and discussed remaining challenges in this field,pointing out directions for future studies.
机译：达尔文提出自然选择是在个体之间小的可遗传变异上起作用的，因此进化的变化应该是渐进的。近来，人们越来越关注调控序列对它们对表型变异和适应的潜在贡献。使它们适合于在表型上产生连续变化的连续体。在本文中，我们回顾了顺式调节模块（CRM）的功能和进化的当前知识。尽管CRM的功能存在差异，并且与反式因子共同进化因此，我们集中研究了一组经过充分研究的发育基因，其表达模式在较长的进化时间内趋于保守。然而，这些CRM基础的序列在间隔序列以及已知的转录因子结合位点（TFBS）上均表现出巨大的差异。我们讨论了CRM的演变动力学相关的特定属性。最后，我们试图调和CRM功能的保守性和进化性，并讨论了该领域尚存的挑战，并指出了未来研究的方向。

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