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Citrus Scion Breeding at the USDA/ARS U. S. Horticultural Research Laboratory

机译：USDA / ARS U. S.园艺研究实验室的柑橘Citrus Scion繁殖

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Citrus breeding has been conducted by the USDA since 1893 when Walter Swingle and Herbert Webber made the first crosses at the USDA Subtropical Laboratory in Eustis, Florida. The initial objectives included improved disease-resistance, cold hardiness, and easy peeling fruit, which are still important breeding objectives today. Several standard industry rootstock categories (citranges and citrumellos) originally resulted from the Poncirus X Citrus crosses intended to produce cold-hardy scions. The first recorded tangelos resulted when USDA hybridized ' Duncan' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) with pollen from ' Dancy' tangerine (Citrus reticulata). Two released tangelo selections, ' Orlando' and ' Minneola' , continue to be important in commerce. Other notable USDA citrus releases include: the mandarin hybrids ' Osceola' , ' Lee' , ' Nova' , ' Robinson' , ' Page' , ' Sunburst' and ' Fallglo' ; 'Sunstar', ' Midsweet' , and 'Gardner' sweet oranges; and 'Flame' grapefruit. More recently, seedless mutants of ' Fallglo' and ' Pineapple' sweet oranges have been created via irradiation and along with a few mandarin hybrids will be released over the next 18 months. Many thousands of additional scion hybrids are in various stages of evaluation, and although the USHRL is in Florida, material is evaluated for potential in other US states as well. The emergence of huanglongbing (HLB)in the US has compelled the development of HLB resistance to the forefront of our breeding objectives. Transgenic strategies offer the greatest potential for rapid development of resistant citrus, and plant transformation using antimicrobial peptides has become a major emphasis in our current work. Both constitutive and phloem specific promoters are being utilized, and other transgenes will be used as opportunities are identified to target Liberibacter gene products and virulence mechanisms. Tests of HLB-resistance in transgenic lines are currently underway. When GM citrus provides sustainable production in the presence of HLB, ongoing plant improvement will still require selection from among non-GM progenies before investing in transgene insertion. Our program must evolve to permit field evaluation removed from the threat of HLB and/or develop techniques to eliminate Liberibacter from field-tested progeny for phytosanitary propagation, transformation, and ultimate release to the industry.
机译：自1893年以来，在沃尔特摆动和赫伯特韦伯在佛罗里达州尤斯蒂斯的美国农业部亚热带实验室制作的第一个十字架时，柑橘滋生已经由USDA进行。最初的目标包括改善的抗病，冷酷的耐寒性和容易的剥皮果实，这是今天仍然重要的繁殖目标。几种标准行业砧木类别（煤气和柑橘类）最初是由Poncirus X柑橘横梁产生的，旨在产生冷硬度。当USDA杂交的'邓肯葡萄柚（柑橘Paradisi）与来自'Drancy'橘子（柑橘类柑橘）的花粉杂交时，首次录得的Tangelos。两个释放的Tangelo选择，'奥兰多'和“Minneola”，在商业中继续很重要。其他值得注意的USDA柑橘释放包括：普通话杂交工'Osceola'，'Lee'，'nova'，'robinson'，'页'，'sunburst'和'fallglo'; 'sunstar'，'midsweet'，'加德纳'甜蜜的橘子;和'火焰'葡萄柚。最近，已经通过照射创造了“FallGlo”和'菠萝甜橙的无籽突变体，并与少数普通话杂交种一起在未来18个月内发布。数以千计的额外的CACION混合动力量是各种评价阶段，虽然USHRL在佛罗里达州，但材料也在其他美国各国进行了潜力。美国黄龙兵（HLB）的出现迫使HLB抵抗育种目标的最前沿发展。转基因策略为抗性柑橘的快速发展提供了最大的潜力，并且使用抗微生物肽的植物转化已经成为我们目前工作的重大重点。均使用本构和磷吡孔特异性启动子，并且其他转基因将被用作鉴定机会，以靶向无纺杆菌基因产物和毒力机制。目前正在进行转基因系中的HLB抗性的试验。当GM Citrus在HLB的存在下提供可持续生产时，在投资转基因插入之前，持续的植物改善仍需要从非转基因的后代中选择。我们的计划必须进化以允许从HLB的威胁中取消的现场评估和/或开发技术，以消除来自现场测试的后代的植物检疫繁殖，转化和终极释放到行业的植物后代。

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