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Human Mars landing site and impacts on Mars surface operations

机译：人类火星登陆点及其对火星表面运行的影响

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This paper describes NASA's initial steps for identifying and evaluating candidate Exploration Zones (EZs) and Regions of Interests (ROIs) for the first human crews that will explore the surface of Mars. NASA's current effort to define the exploration of this planet by human crews, known as the Evolvable Mars Campaign (EMC), provides the context in which these EZs and ROIs are being considered. The EMC spans all aspects of a human Mars mission including launch from Earth, transit to and from Mars, and operations on the surface of Mars. An EZ is a collection of ROIs located within approximately 100 kilometers of a centralized landing site. ROIs are areas relevant for scientific investigation and/or development/maturation of capabilities and resources necessary for a sustainable human presence. The EZ also contains one or more landing sites and a habitation site that will be used by multiple human crews during missions to explore and utilize the ROIs within the EZ. With the EMC as a conceptual basis, the EZ model has been refined to a point where specific site selection criteria for scientific exploration and in situ resource utilization can be defined. In 2015 these criteria were distributed to the planetary sciences community and the in situ resource utilization and civil engineering communities as part of a call for EZ proposals. The resulting ¿¿¿First Landing Site/Exploration Zone Workshop for Human Missions to the Surface of Mars¿¿¿ was held in October 2015 during which 47 proposals for EZs and ROIs were presented and discussed. Proposed locations spanned all longitudes and all allowable latitudes (+/¿¿¿50 degrees). Proposed justification for selecting one of these EZs also spanned a significant portion of the scientific and resource criteria provided to the community. Several important findings resulted from this Workshop including: (a) a strong consensus that, at a scale of 100 km (radius), multiple places on Mars exist that have both sufficient scientific interes- to sustain multiple crews of exploring astronauts, AND potential resource deposits for ISRU indicating the current EZ definition is viable and should be retained for now, (b) new data types (needed for more definitive analysis of EZs) argued strongly for a new orbiter mission, and possibly one or more surface missions, to obtain these data, (c) a general consensus that this Workshop was an excellent start to identifying a place where future human missions to Mars can productively explore this planet and learn to live and work there for the long term. Building on these findings, HEOMD and SMD are: (a) refining the EZ selection criteria and overall selection process to improve on lessons learned from the first EZ workshop, (b) using these proposed locations to develop ¿¿¿reference EZs¿¿¿ for assessment purposes (primarily engineering assessments), (c) gathering data and conducting analyses to better understanding the different potential sources for water, including the ease of extraction and purification, and (d) assessing trends in additional data that are needed to better characterize EZs proposed at the workshop and how these data needs impact the design and operation of future robotic Mars missions.
机译：本文介绍了NASA为识别和评估候选火星探索区（EZ）和感兴趣区域（ROI）的初始步骤，该技术适用于首批将探索火星表面的人员。美国宇航局目前为定义人类对这颗行星的探索所做的努力被称为“可演化的火星战役（EMC）”，它为考虑这些EZ和ROI提供了背景。 EMC涵盖了人类火星任务的所有方面，包括从地球发射，往返火星和从火星表面进行操作。 EZ是位于集中式着陆点约100公里之内的ROI的集合。投资回报率是与科学调查和/或人类可持续发展存在的能力和资源的发展/成熟有关的领域。 EZ还包含一个或多个着陆点和一个居住点，在执行任务期间，多个工作人员将使用该居住点来探索和利用EZ内部的ROI。以EMC作为概念基础，EZ模型已经完善到可以定义用于科学勘探和现场资源利用的特定选址标准的地步。在2015年，这些标准已分发给行星科学界，原地资源利用和土木工程界，这是征集EZ提案的一部分。最终的“人类登陆火星表面的着陆点/探索区讲习班”于2015年10月举行，在此期间，提出并讨论了47个关于EZ和ROI的提案。建议的位置跨越所有经度和所有允许的纬度（+ /¿¿¿50度）。选择这些经济特区之一的拟议理由也涵盖了向社区提供的很大一部分科学和资源标准。该研讨会产生了一些重要发现，包括：（a）一个强烈的共识，即在100公里（半径）的规模上，火星上存在多个地方，这些地方既具有足够的科学知识，可以支撑多名探索宇航员的航天员，又具有潜在的资源指示当前EZ定义可行的ISRU沉积物，目前应予以保留，（b）新数据类型（需要对EZ进行更明确的分析）强烈要求进行新的轨道飞行任务，并可能进行一个或多个水面飞行任务这些数据，（c）达成了普遍共识，认为本次研讨会是确定未来人类执行火星任务可以高效率地探索该星球并学习长期生活和工作的地方的绝佳起点。基于这些发现，HEOMD和SMD将：（a）完善EZ选择标准和总体选择过程，以改进从第一次EZ研讨会获得的经验教训;（b）使用这些建议的地点开发“参考EZ”。出于评估目的（主要是工程评估），（c）收集数据并进行分析以更好地了解水的不同潜在来源，包括提取和纯化的难易程度，以及（d）评估其他数据的趋势，以更好地表征EZ在研讨会上提出了建议，以及这些数据的需求如何影响未来的机器人火星任务的设计和运行。

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