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首页> 外文会议>ASME Internal Combustion Engine Division technical conference >EFFECTS OF FUEL QUALITY ON GASEOUS EMISSIONS FROM AN 8.9L SPARK- IGNITED NATURAL GAS ENGINE OPERATED OVER PRIME-MOVER CYCLES FOR UNCONVENTIONAL WELL DEVELOPMENT
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EFFECTS OF FUEL QUALITY ON GASEOUS EMISSIONS FROM AN 8.9L SPARK- IGNITED NATURAL GAS ENGINE OPERATED OVER PRIME-MOVER CYCLES FOR UNCONVENTIONAL WELL DEVELOPMENT

机译：燃油质量对在非常规井开发过程中在原液循环上运行的8.9L火花点火天然气发动机的气体排放的影响

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Technology developments in directional drilling and hydraulic fracturing have led to increased natural gas reserves. Development of these unconventional resources is an energy intensive process. Prime-movers of unconventional well development were previously identified to be over-the-road trucks, drilling engines, and hydraulic stimulation engines. Diesel engines dominate these markets but industry is attempting to cut costs by using dual fuel and dedicated natural gas engines. On-road engines are subject to the transient FTP cycle for certification and off-road engines are subject to the 5-mode ISO 8178 D-2 cycle. It is well known that in-use activity can differ from certification activity. Significant in-use activity data for each prime-mover were collected and a Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo Simulation with a genetic algorithm was used to develop test cycles for each. The developed test cycles allowed for operation of a smaller yet similar engine within a controlled laboratory environment. Laboratory tests utilized a Cummins 8.9L ISL-G to analyze the emissions of new cycles compared to certification cycles and to examine the effects of fuel quality on emissions. The ISL-G is a spark-ignited engine used for heavy-duty trucks and could see market penetration in fleets serving the well development industry. It is similar in technology to the Waukesha LI7044, which is used in drilling operations - both employ air fuel ratio control and three-way catalysts. For the case of "pump" quality fuel, compressed natural gas was used. The developed OTR truck cycle produced higher brake-specific emissions of CO_2, CO, NO_x, and lower HC emissions compared to the FTP. The drilling and fracturing cycles tended to have lower CO_2 and HC emissions but higher CO emissions when compared to the D-2 cycle. Two additional fuel blends were used on the new cycles and represented blends with higher ethane and propane fractions - which are common to shale gases that could fuel prime-movers in the future. The minimum recommended methane number for this engine was 75 and additional fuel blends had methane numbers of 75.5 (propane blend) and 75.3 (ethane blend). As expected, CO_2 emissions increased with increased alkane concentration, while opposite trends were shown for THC and CH_4. NO_x emissions also tended to decrease with higher ethane and propane blends, across all cycles. For all cycles and fuels, HC emissions were predominately CH4 - 94-97%. Variations in activity and the effects of different fuels should be addressed when estimating emissions since using standard certification or emissions factors may not be representative of in-use emissions.
机译：方向钻井和液压压裂技术的技术发展导致了天然气储量增加。这些非传统资源的发展是一种能源密集的过程。以前确定了非常规良好发展的主要迁移器是过度公路的卡车，钻孔发动机和液压刺激发动机。柴油发动机主导了这些市场，但行业正在尝试通过使用双重燃料和专用天然气发动机来降低成本。道路发动机受到瞬态FTP周期的，用于认证和越野发动机受5模式ISO 8178 D-2循环。众所周知，使用内活动可能与认证活动不同。收集每个Prime-MOVER的显着的使用活动数据，并使用具有遗传算法的Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo模拟来开发每个的测试循环。开发的测试循环允许在受控实验室环境中运行较小但相似的发动机。与认证周期相比，实验室测试利用康明斯8.9L ISL-G分析新循环的排放，并检查燃料质量对排放的影响。 ISL-G是一种用于重型卡车的火花点火发动机，可以看到在众多开发行业的舰队中看到市场渗透。它在技术中与Waukesha Li7044类似，用于钻孔操作 - 均采用空燃比控制和三元催化剂。对于“泵”质量燃料的情况，使用压缩天然气。与FTP相比，开发的OTR卡车循环产生了较高的CO_2，CO，NO_X和较低的HC排放的制动特定声排放。与D-2循环相比，钻孔和压裂循环往往具有较低的CO_2和HC排放，而是更高的CO排放。在新的循环上使用了两种额外的燃料混合物，并用更高的乙烷和丙烷级分代表了混合物 - 这对于可以在未来燃料的原搬运器燃料的页岩气是共同的。该发动机的最小推荐甲烷编号为75，另外的燃料混合物具有75.5（丙烷混合物）和75.3（乙烷混合物）的甲烷数。正如预期的那样，CO_2排放随烷烃浓度的增加而增加，而THC和CH_4显示相反的趋势。 NO_X排放也倾向于在所有循环中用高乙烷和丙烷混合减少。对于所有循环和燃料，HC排放主要是CH4 - 94-97％。当使用标准认证或排放因素的估算减排时，应如何解决活动的变化和不同燃料的影响，因为使用标准认证或排放因素可能不代表进入排放。

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