Maleruption of the upper fourth premolars may rarely occur in the miniature horse. Monitoring the eruption process with regular oral and radiographic exams, managing the occlusal contacts, and treating any periodontal disease will help to ensure thatthese teeth remain in the upper arcades as functional teeth. Miniature horses are prone to class III malocclu-sions (MAL3) caused by maxillary brachygnathism. With the shortened maxilla, they are prone to crowding of the upper premolars and molars. The upper fourth premolars (108/208) are the last cheek teeth to erupt into the arcade. When crowding occurs during the eruption process, these teeth tend to rotate at 90° on their long axis, with the buccal aspect of the tooth facing in a mesial direction.
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