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An Evaluation of Efforts to Control Air Pollution from Mobile Sources in Delhi,India

机译：评估努力控制德里，印度德里移动来源的空气污染

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This paper evaluates Delhi's efforts to control mobile source emissions based on an air quality management framework proposed by Elsom.1 Many commuters in Delhi use two-or three-wheelers running on two-stroke engines that emit high levels of CO and HC.Levels of SPM often exceed WHO standards throughout the year.High emissions can also be attributed to inadequate traffic management and an inefficient public transport system,as well as an aging and badly maintained motor vehicle fleet,low fuel quality,and excessive commuting distances.India implemented use of catalytic converters on new vehicles in 1996 and Euro II emission standards in 2000.It also banned the use of all commercial vehicles older than 12 years and all two-wheelers over 15 years old.Gasoline stations are licensed to determine compliance with emission standards,but the system is burdensome without being effective,open to corruption,and full of loopholes.Progress in emission reductions will be hard to gauge until local emission inventories can be updated and improved.Models to inventory emissions are impossible to use in Delhi,because they require databases that don't exist.Delhi needs to improve its air quality monitoring system and give particular attention to O3 and SPM.O3 concentrations are not routinely monitored even though their precursors(NOx and HC)are rising and Delhi's climate favors O3 formation.By U.S.EPA standards,Delhi needed at least 30 but had only 12 monitoring stations to serve its population in 2000.To reduce mobile source emissions and personal exposure over the long term,Delhi needs to make land use improvements,diversify commuting patterns,decongest the central business district,and complete its new rail mass transit system.For its part,India needs to upgrade its refineries,and develop use of alternative fuels to improve air quality.
机译：本文评估了德里基于ELSOM1提出的空气质量管理框架来控制移动源排放的努力，例如德里的许多通勤者使用在两冲程发动机上运行的两轮或三轮车，发出高水平的CO和HC.LEVELS SPM通常超过谁全年谁。高排放也归因于交通管理不足和效率低下的公共交通系统，以及老化和严重维护的机动车船队，低燃料质量和过度的通勤距离.India实施了1996年新车上的催化转换器和2000年欧洲二世排放标准。它还禁止使用超过12年的商用车，所有两轮车超过15岁。冰水站被许可，以确定遵守排放标准，但是，在没有有效的情况下，该系统是繁重的，对腐败开放，并且充满了漏洞。在排放减少方面将难以衡量，直到当地的EMI可以更新和改进SION库存。在Delhi中不可能将Sion库存中典范不可能在Delhi中使用，因为它们需要不存在的数据库.Delhi需要改善其空气质量监测系统，并特别注意O3和SPM.O3浓度即使它们的前体（NOx和HC）升高，德里的气候偏离O3形成，也不经常被监测.BYPA标准，DELHI至少需要30个，但只有12个监测站，在2000年才能为其人口服务。为减少移动源排放个人曝光长期，德里需要制造土地利用改进，多元化的通勤模式，中央商务区，覆盖物，完成其新的铁路批量交通系统。它的部分需要升级其炼油厂，并开发使用替代方案燃料以提高空气质量。

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