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Cyber space and the use of force: applicability ofjus ad bellum and jus in bello rules to cyber-attacks against space systems

机译：网络空间与武力：Zhus Ad Bellum和Jus在Bello规则对空间系统的网络攻击的适用性

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Cyber-attacks pose a significant threat to space activities: indeed, not only they may limit the functionality of space systems but they can also lead to the complete loss of a space object. For example, cyber means can be used to disrupt space-to-space communications, interfere with uplink or downlink communication streams, damage the software or hardware of a space system and manipulate payload control facilities. Such a treat calls for an analysis of the legal regime regulating the right to respond to (and, possibly, to anticipate) cyber-attacks against space systems both in times of peace and in conflict situations. In short, the key question is how jus ad bellum and jus in bello rules apply to cyber offensive actions against space objects and their related ground facilities. Answering this question is undoubtedly problematic because these rules were developed having in mind 'terrestrial' situations and conventional means of warfare. Realistically, an answer can only be given through a double-step process: first, by understanding cyber technologies and their capability to affect space systems; second, by adapting public international law principles to the technological, political, and legal reality of the 21~(st) century. The purpose of the present paper is to assess if and to what extend jus ad bellum and jus in bello rules apply to cyber-attacks against space system and to suggest criteria to enable recourse to these rules in the context of cyber warfare in space.

机译：网络攻击对太空活动构成了重大威胁：确实，不仅他们可能限制空间系统的功能，而且还可以导致空间对象的完全丢失。例如，网络装置可用于破坏空间到空间通信，干扰上行链路或下行链路通信流，损坏空间系统的软件或硬件并操纵有效载荷控制设施。这种治疗呼吁分析法律制度，规范在和平和冲突情况下，对空间系统反应的（和可能是预期）对空间系统的反应有权进行分析。简而言之，关键问题是Jus Ad Bellum和Jus在Bello规则上适用于对空间对象及其相关地面设施的网络冒犯行动。回答这个问题无疑是有问题的，因为这些规则是在考虑到“陆地”的情况和传统的战争手段。现实地，只能通过双步过程给出答案：首先，通过了解网络技术及其影响空间系统的能力;其次，通过将公共国际法原则适应21〜（ST）世纪的技术，政治和法律现实。本文的目的是评估Jus Ad Bellum和Jus在Bello规则中的延伸到空间系统的网络攻击，并建议在空间中网络战中求助于这些规则的标准。

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来源
《International Astronautical Congress》|2019年|16721-17469 p. :|共8页
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作者
Fabio Tronchetti;
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原文格式 PDF
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中图分类 V4-532;
关键词
cyber; warfare; space;

机译：网络;战争;空间;

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1. Applicability of Jus in Bello in Cyber Space: Dilemmas and Challenges [J] . Qifan Wang International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism . 2014,第3期

机译：Jus在贝洛在网络空间中的适用性：困境和挑战
2. U.S. Space Force Looks to Broaden Applicability of Commercial Systems [J] . Frank Wolfe Defense Daily . 2020,第Deca3期

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3. Intelligent Adaptive Cyber-Physical Ecosystem for Aerospace Engineering Education, Training, and Accelerated Workforce Development [J] . Ahmed K. Noor Journal of aerospace engineering . 2011,第4期

机译：用于航空工程教育，培训和加速劳动力开发的智能自适应网络物理生态系统
4. Cyber space and the use of force: applicability ofjus ad bellum and jus in bello rules to cyber-attacks against space systems [C] . Fabio Tronchetti International Astronautical Congress . 2019

机译：网络空间与武力：Zhus Ad Bellum和Jus在Bello规则对空间系统的网络攻击的适用性
5. The Principle of Proportionality in the Law and Ethics of War: Steps Toward a Unified View of Proportionality in Jus Ad Bellum and Jus in Bello by Moving from Subjective Political to Objective Legal Criteria [D] . Joo, Maxwell Young 2019

机译：战争法和道德伦理中的比例原则：从主观政治标准转变为客观法律标准，以统一观念在贝多姆（Jus Ad Bellum）和贝洛（Jus）中采取比例主义的步骤
6. Apriori Algorithm for the Data Mining of Global Cyberspace Security Issues for Human Participatory Based on Association Rules [O] . Zhi Li, Xuyu Li, Runhua Tang, 2020

机译：基于关联规则的人类参与性全球网络空间安全问题数据挖掘的APRiori算法
7. Jus naturae et gentium fondements romains du droit international (jus naturae et gentium the roman foundations of international law) Abstract: L'Antiquité romaine a connu alternativement des périodes d'influence du jus naturae et gentium et des périodes de politique de contrôle et de domination militaire. La période de forte domination politique et militaire, d’une durée de presque deux siècles, a été, génériquement, dénommée Pax Romana. De cette alternance, de cette tension dialectique, est née l’idée de l’articulation, sur la voie du droit positif (et non pas seulement naturel), d’un système complexe et novateur de normes juridiques « internationales » (avant la lettre). Pratiquement, le jus gentium trouve son origine à la fois dans le jus praetorium et dans l’importante jurisprudentia des jurisconsultes, pendant la fin de la Respublica Romana et tout au long de la plus grande partie du Principatum Romanum. On a cherché, toutefois, à séparer le jus civile (applicable exclusivement aux citoyens Romains) du jus gentium (comme ensemble de normes valables pour tous les peuples). Ce jus gentium se trouvera dans les fondements de la création du droit international tout au long du Moyen Âge. The Roman antiquity had known jus naturae and jus gentium periods but also politically control and military domination times. The most important strong politico-military domination that lasted almost two centuries has been generally named Pax Romana. This dialectic tension and alternance gave birth to the idea of creating (through the positive law and not necessarily natural) a complex and innovative system of « international » juridical rules. Practically, jus gentium has found its origins in jus praetorium and in legal counselors’ jurisprudence until the end of Republica Romana and during the bigger part of Principatum Romanum. It was an attempt to separate jus civile (exclusively applicable to Roman citizens) of jus gentium (as a normative system available to each person regardless the citizenship). We will see the jus gentium as the foundation of International Law creation during the Middle Age. [O] . Valerius M. Ciuca Aurora CIUCA, Aurora Ciuca 100

机译：Jus naturae et gentium fondements romains du droit international（jus naturae et gentium the roman foundation of international law）摘要：L'antiquitéromainean connu alternativementdespériodesd'duriduus naturae et gentium etdespériodesdepolitiquedecontrôleetde domination军事学院。 Lapériodedeforte domination politique et militaire，d'uneduréedepresquedeuxsiècles，aété，génériquement，dénomméepaxRomana。 De cette alternance，de cette tension dialectique，estnéel'idéedel'articulation，sur la voie du droit positif（et non pas seulement naturel），d'unsystèmecompleeet novateur de normes juridiques«internationales»（avant la lettre ）。 pratiquement，le jus gentium trouve son origine la la fois dans le jus praetorium et dans l'importante jurisprudentia des jurisconsultes，pendant la fin de la Respublica Romana et tout au long de la plus grande partie du principatum Romanum。在一个cherché，toutefois，àséparerlejus civile（适用的专属aux citoyens Romains）du jus gentium（comme ensemble de normes valables pour tous les peuples）。 Ce jus gentium se trouvera dans les fondements delacréationdudroit international tout au long dumoyenÂge。罗马古代已经知道了自然和jus gentium时期，但也有政治控制和军事统治时期。持续近两个世纪的最重要的强大的政治军事统治一般被命名为pax Romana。这种辩证的张力和交替产生了（通过积极的法律，而不一定是自然的）创造一个复杂和创新的“国际”司法规则体系的想法。实际上，jus gentium已经发现它起源于jus praetorium和法律顾问的法理学，直到Republica Romana结束并且在principatum Romanum的大部分时期。它试图将jus geivum（仅适用于罗马公民）与jus gentium分开（作为每个人可用的规范系统，无论公民身份如何）。我们将把jus gentium视为中世纪国际法创建的基础。

Cyber space and the use of force: applicability ofjus ad bellum and jus in bello rules to cyber-attacks against space systems

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