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Assessing the impact of tourism: intellectual and economic struggles and landscape changes on Kihnu island

机译：评估旅游的影响：知识分子和经济斗争与河北岛的景观变化

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Issues of the assessment of the impact of tourism on the cultural environment will be discussed using the example of Kihnu island (Estonia), which has been included in the list of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO as the Kihnu Cultural Space. Kihnu is a small island (16.9 km~2) near the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, and has a population of about 530 residents. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, traditional economic activities like fishery and agriculture have undergone a severe decline; instead, new economic activities such as tourism, the sale of traditional delicacies, handicrafts etc., have become an important source of income on Kihnu. These changes have had a great influence on the cultural and natural landscapes of the island, as well as on social and political relationships, and have brought together manifold conflicts between the interests of tourism and the traditional economy, the different agendas of local interest groups and the cultural and economic elite, national policies etc. The interpretive analysis of official planning texts and interviews with different local actors indicated the remarkable sensitivity of the issues concerning tourism, resulting often in a euphemistic way of defining problems and development priorities in the field. As environmental impacts can only be assessed in relation to certain socially defined objectives, the described situation makes it very complicated to assess the impact of tourism or to offer up-to-date recommendations concerning tourism for the protection of both the natural and cultural environment. Nevertheless, in order to advance a further discussion on the assessment of the impact of tourism, initial explorative indicators will be set out, relying on the example of Kihnu.
机译：利用Kihnu Island（爱沙尼亚）的榜样讨论了旅游业对旅游业影响的问题，该例子已被联合国教科文组织作为Kihnu文化空间的人类口头和无形遗产的杰作名单。 Kihnu是一个小岛屿（16.9公里〜2），靠近波罗的海的东海岸，拥有大约530名居民的人口。苏联崩溃后，渔业和农业等传统经济活动经历了严重的下降;相反，旅游业，传统美食，手工艺品等的新的经济活动已成为Kihnu的重要收入来源。这些变化已经在岛上的文化和自然景观，以及对社会和政治的关系有很大的影响，并旅游业的利益和传统经济，地方利益集团的不同议程之间汇集歧管冲突文化和经济精英，国家政策等对不同当地行动者的官方规划文本和访谈的解释性分析表明了旅游问题的敏感性，往往以委婉方式定义了该领域的问题和发展优先事项。由于环境影响只能与某些社会规定的目标进行评估，所描述的情况使得评估旅游业的影响或提供关于保护自然和文化环境的旅游的最新建议。尽管如此，为了进一步讨论对旅游业的影响的评估，初步探索指标将依赖于Kihnu的例子。

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