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首页> 外文会议>International Seminar On Nuclear War And Planetary Emergencies >SYNTHETIC POLYMERS IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT: WHAT WE KNOW. WHAT WE NEED TO KNOW. WHAT CAN BE DONE?
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SYNTHETIC POLYMERS IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT: WHAT WE KNOW. WHAT WE NEED TO KNOW. WHAT CAN BE DONE?

机译：海洋环境中的合成聚合物：我们所知道的。我们需要知道什么。可以做些什么？

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Synthetic Polymers, commonly known as plastics, have been entering the marineenvironment in quantities paralleling their level of production over the last half century(Thompson). However, during the last decade of the 20~(th)Century, the deposition rateaccelerated exponentially (Copello, Ogi). Thirty years ago the prevailing attitude of theindustry was that "plastic litter is a very small proportion of all litter and causes no harmto the environment except as an eyesore" (Derraik). Plastics became the fastest growingsegment of the U.S. municipal waste stream between 1970 and 2003, increasing nine-fold(U.S. EPA), and marine litter is now 60-80% plastic, reaching 90-95% in some areas(Derraik). While undoubtedly still an eyesore, plastic debris today is having significantharmful effects on marine biota. Albatross, fulmars, shearwaters and petrels mistakefloating plastics for food and few, individuals of these species remain unaffected; in fact,44% of all seabird species ingest plastic. Sea turtles ingest plastic bags, fishing line andother plastics, as do 26 species of cetaceans. In all, 267 species worldwide are known tohave been affected (Derraik). The numbers of fish, birds, and mammals that succumbeach year to derelict fishing nets and lines in which they become entangled cannot bereliably known, but estimates in the millions have been made (Moore). Marine plasticdebris can be divided into two categories; macro, >5mm and micro, <5mm. While macrodebris may sometimes be traced to its origin by object identification or markings, microdebris, consisting of particles of two main varieties, degraded pieces broken from largerobjects, and resin pellets and powders, the basic thermoplastic industry feedstocks, aredifficult to trace. Ingestion of small plastics by filter feeders at the base of the foodpyramid is known to occur (Moore, Thompson), but has not been quantified. Readyingestion of degraded plastic pellets and fragments (U.S. EPA) raises toxicity concernssince they are known to sorb hydrophobic pollutants (Moore, Takada).
机译：俗称塑料的合成聚合物已经进入了平行于过去半个世纪（汤普森）的生产水平的量的海洋环境。然而，在20〜（Th）世纪的最后十年期间，沉积RateaCelated指数（Copello，OGI）。三十年前，TheIndustry的普遍态度是“塑料垃圾是所有垃圾的一部分非常小的比例，并且除了眼睛之外不会对环境造成伤害”（Derraik）。塑料成为1970年至2003年至2003年之间的美国城市废物流的最快，增加了九倍（美国EPA），海洋垃圾现在是60-80％的塑料，在某些地区（Derraik）达到90-95％。毫无疑问，仍然是一只眼睛，今天的塑料碎片对海洋生物群产生了显着的影响。信天翁，Fulmars，Shearwaters和Petrels Forefloated Food的塑料，这些物种的个体仍未受到影响;事实上，所有海鸟物种的44％摄取塑料。海龟摄取塑料袋，钓鱼线和其他塑料，如26种鲸蛤。总之，全球267种被众所周知，受影响（Derraik）。丧失年度的鱼类，鸟类和哺乳动物的数量丧失捕捞渔网和它们变得纠缠在一起的速度不能易于丧失地知道，但在数百万里的估计已经制造（摩尔）。海洋塑料柴铁可以分为两类;宏，> 5mm和微，<5mm。虽然Macrodebris有时可以通过物体识别或标记，微达比微曲面，由两个主要品种的颗粒组成，从大型物种的颗粒组成，并且树脂颗粒和粉末，基本的热塑性工业原料，追踪痕迹。通过过滤器进料器在食品碱基的底部摄取小塑料（摩尔，汤普森），但尚未量化。降解塑料颗粒和片段（美国EPA）的Readyingestion引发已知它们吸着疏水污染物（摩尔，高田）毒性concernssince。

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