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Steady-State Permeability Measurements on Intact Shale Samples at Reservoir Conditions - Effect of Stress, Temperature, Pressure, and Type of Gas

机译：储层条件下完整页岩样品的稳态渗透率测量 - 压力，温度，压力和气体类型的影响

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Gas shales have gained significant attention in recent years as a source of natural gas, resulting in significant focus on storage and flow mechanisms in these rocks. The permeability of shale reservoirs is a key control that determines the producibility and profitability of the resource. In contrast to conventional reservoir rocks, gas shales have significant organic content and, often, most of the pores are in the organic matter. Furthermore, most pores are in the 1-100 nanometer size range, and gas can be stored in these pores as sorbed gas as well as free gas, which has raised concerns such as deviation of the flow mechanism from Darcy flow, and the effect of sorption on permeability in shales. The common industry practice of measuring permeability using crushed rock samples and helium as test gas at room conditions has been found to have a number of shortcomings, including inconsistent results reported by different laboratories using such methods. In this paper we present the results of steady-state permeability measurements on shale samples conducted at reservoir conditions, and demonstrate the effect of stress, pressure, temperature, sorption, and type of gas utilized for measuring permeability of intact shale samples. The results presented in this paper show that net stress, pore pressure, and temperature have strong effects on permeability of shales. Additionally, we show that the type of gas utilized for measurements, and sorption phenomenon can have a significant influence on the measured permeability, particularly for organic rich samples such as gas shales. We also demonstrate through examination of Klinkenberg flow model, that currently, with the exception of the effect of pressure on permeability, no existing model accurately predicts the effects of other factors such as temperature and type of gas on permeability of shale samples in the absence of actual experimental measurements. This paper documents that there may be significant errors associated with measurements that are conducted at room conditions using non-reservoir or non-sorbing gas, and accurate permeability measurements require tests to be conducted at conditions that are close to the in-situ conditions. Accurate permeability measurements conducted at reservoir conditions enable superior characterization, supporting sound business decisions in the development phase of a project, and more accurate production forecasting in the production phase.
机译：页岩气已获得显著重视，近年来天然气的来源，造成显著专注于这些岩石的存储和流动机制。页岩储层渗透率是确定资源的可生产和盈利能力的关键控制。相较于传统的储集岩，页岩气有显著有机质含量和，经常，最毛孔都在有机物。此外，大多数的孔隙都在1-100纳米尺寸范围内，并且可以被存储在这些气体作为细孔吸附气体以及游离气体，这已引起关注，例如从Darcy流动的流动机构的偏差，及效果吸附在页岩渗透性。使用粉碎的岩石样品和氦气作为测试气体，在室温条件下测量磁导率的常见的工业实践，已经发现有许多缺点，包括不一致的结果报告通过使用这样的方法不同的实验室。在本文中，我们提出关于在储层条件下进行的页岩样品的稳态渗透率测量的结果，并证明应力，压力，温度，吸附，以及用于测量完整页岩样品的渗透性利用气体的类型的效果。结果在本文中表明，净应力，孔隙压力和温度对页岩的渗透性强的效果呈现。此外，我们显示，用于测量的利用气体，和吸附现象的类型可以对所测量的磁导率的影响显著，特别是用于有机丰富的样品，如气体页岩。我们还通过克林肯伯格流模型的检查表明，目前，随着对渗透性压力的作用之外，没有现有模型准确地预测的其它因素，例如温度和在页岩样品的渗透性气体的类型在不存在的影响实际的实验测量。此，有可能是与测量相关联的误差显著正在使用非贮存或非吸附气，和准确的渗透率测量在室温条件下进行的纸质文件需要被在该接近原位条件的条件进行试验。在油藏条件下进行精确的渗透率测量实现了优异的特性，在项目的开发阶段，配套完善的商业决策，并在生产阶段更准确的生产预测。

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