Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), as a pattern recognition receptor (PRR), perceives the presence of both damage-associated and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, e.g. bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). Together with MD-2 protein, its dimerization initiates the activation of innate immune system signaling pathways (Figure 1 A) [1], thus being a promising therapeutic target.
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