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首页> 外文会议>American Water Works Association water quality technology conference exposition >CONTRIBUTION OF LEAD SOURCES TO LEAD LEVELS AT THE TAP
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CONTRIBUTION OF LEAD SOURCES TO LEAD LEVELS AT THE TAP

机译：铅源的贡献在水龙头上的铅水平

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Implementation of the Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) has resulted in significant reductions in first liter standing lead levels measured at the tap in the United States. However, there are still utilities that have implemented optimal treatment but may still experience lead levels at or near the action level for lead, or those that would like to go a step further in reducing lead levels measured in their system by proactively replacing lead source materials. For these utilities, an understanding of the contributions that various lead based materials may have on lead levels measured at the tap would be useful. This paper summarizes results from a recently completed AwwaRF study titled, Contribution of Service Line and Plumbing Fixtures to Lead and Copper Rule Compliance Issues. Total and dissolved lead levels were measured in consecutive sequential standing tap samples at residential sites in six utility locations. Results provide an indication of the relative contribution of various lead sources (faucet, premise, lead service) to lead levels measured at the tap, both in terms of total mass of lead measured at the tap, and LCR compliance. Results indicate that the presence of a lead service at an individual site may elevate the contribution of individual sources by providing an additional source of lead, either by introducing lead derived from the service at the start of the stagnation period, or by 'seeding' the premise system with lead. This lead can then be incorporated into the scales built up on the surfaces of the premise piping (including the faucet), from which it can be released over time depending on physical and chemical conditions. Lead can then be taken up into the water during stagnation and measured in standing samples collected at the tap, or picked up during flowing conditions. These results provide the water industry with additional information on the impact that material sources of lead may have on lead levels at the tap and how this might impact LCR compliance. Results also address the broader long-term goals of moving the industry towards a new 'lead free' future and providing information that can be directly applied to future regulatory reviews of the LCR.
机译：铅和铜规则（LCR）的实施导致在美国的水龙头测量的第一升常设领先级别下降。然而，仍然存在实现最佳治疗的公用事业，但仍可能仍然在铅的行动水平或附近遇到引线，或者希望通过主动更换铅源材料在减少系统中测量的引线水平的步骤。对于这些公用事业公司来说，了解各种铅基材料可能对龙头测量的引线水平的贡献将是有用的。本文总结了最近完成的AWWARF研究的结果，以标题，服务线和管道灯具的贡献以及铅和铜规则合规性问题。在六个公用事业位置的居住地点的连续顺序常规拍摄样品中测量总和溶解的铅水平。结果提供各种铅源（水龙头，前提，铅服务）对水龙头测量的铅水平的相对贡献，无论是在水龙头和LCR依从性的总铅的总质量方面都是在水龙头上测量的铅水平。结果表明，通过在停滞期限开始或“播种”的情况下，通过提供额外的铅来源，可以通过提供额外的铅来提高个人来源的牵引服务的贡献。具有铅的前提系统。然后可以将该铅结合到基于前提管道（包括水龙头）的表面上的鳞片中，从中可以随时间释放，这取决于物理和化学条件。然后可以在停滞期间将铅加入水中，并在在水龙头收集的站立样品中测量，或在流动条件下拾取。这些结果为水业提供了有关潜在材料来源可能对水龙头的影响的额外信息，以及这可能会影响LCR遵从性的影响。结果还涉及将行业迁移到新的“无铅”未来的更广泛的长期目标，并提供可直接应用于LCR的未来监管审查的信息。

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