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A Neglected Dimension of Evolution and the Origin of Species

机译：忽视的进化维度和物种的起源

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Some of Darwin's crucial views and ideas have been refuted by his followers in the 20th century. In this essay, I will first discuss how one of the centerpieces of Darwin's theory, the Principle of Divergence, a theory in which Darwin himself expressed "very great confidence", fared in the last century. I will then argue for the importance of link-age, a prominent factor of evolution that has been largely neglected in modern evolu-tionary theory. I propose that there is now sufficient evidence suggesting that linkage should be added to the list of evolutionary forces. This essential and general yet long-neglected factor constitutes an intrinsic isolating mechanism of evolution (referred to as `genealogical isolation'), constituting a key principle for understanding speciation and the inevitable discontinuities of life forms in the hierarchical biological system. Moreover, linkage can form a theoretical mechanism for Darwin's Principle of Divergence. Multiple genetic variations in gene(s) that are strongly linked can be inherited as a single unit along genealogical lineages, a phenomenon referred to as the 'block transmission' of genetic variation. A greater understanding of this characteristic of variation and inheritance may shed light on several puzzles currently facing evolutionary biologists. First, block transmission suggests that gaps among species are the inevitable results of evolution stemming from within-species divergence; therefore, the lack of immediate transitional forms would be expected as largely natural and not entirely due to the incompleteness of the fossil record. Second, geographical isolation is not a prerequisite for speci-ation since genealogical isolation, despite interbreeding, is inevitable. Consequently, the primary ob-stacle to sympatric speciation disappears. Third, any gene, if obtaining a selective advantage follow-ing accumulation of mutations, can act as a speciation gene, if it is physically or functionally linked to another gene, which subsequently builds up mutation(s) leading to incompatibility. Thus, universal speciation gene does not exist. Reproductive isolation is a by-product of evolution due to mutations causing incompatibility either physiologically, ecologically or behaviorally. Fourth. the presence of extensive genetic polymorphism in natural populations may be due to various levels of buffering ef-fects that offset the deleterious nature of mutations. This makes many mutations appear effectively neutral, or nearly neutral. Therefore, most mutations are probably not predetermined at birth to have an inherent nature that is neutral, beneficial or deleterious. Rather, their nature largely depends on their context, defined by genetic background, physiological states, ecological conditions, and other variables. The deductions outlined in this essay are rather preliminary. However, our hypotheses are falsifiable since they allow many predictions to be made, and, importantly, they are consequently amenable to rigorous testing.
机译：一些达尔文的关键观点和想法已经在20世纪的追随者驳斥。在这篇文章中，我将首先讨论达尔文理论的核心之一如何，发散原则，达尔文本人表达了上世纪的“非常伟大的信心”。然后，我将争论链接年度的重要性，这是在现代进化理论中忽视的突出因素。我建议现在有足够的证据表明应将联系添加到进化力的列表中。这一必不可少的且长期忽视的因素构成了进化的内在隔离机制（称为“系谱分离”），构成了理解形态的关键原则以及等级生物系统中的生命形式的必然不连续性。此外，联动可以为达尔文分歧原则形成理论机制。强烈连接的基因的多种遗传变异可以作为族谱系的单个单元遗传，该现象称为遗传变异的“阻滞透射”。对这种变异和继承的这种特征的更大了解可能在目前面临进化生物学家的几个谜题上脱光。首先，块传输表明，物种之间的间隙是从物种内发散的进化中的不可避免的结果;因此，预期缺乏直接过渡形式的过渡表格将是大部分自然，而不是由于化石记录的不完整而完全是完全的。其次，由于家谱隔离，尽管杂交，因此，地理隔离不是特定的特定的先决条件是不可避免的。因此，主ob-stacle到对称性的物种消失。第三，如果获得突变的突变累积的选择性优势，则可以用作物质基因的任何基因，如果它在物理上或功能上与另一个基因有关，则随后构建突变导致不相容性的突变。因此，普遍的物种基因不存在。生殖分离是由于突变引起的突变导致生理学，生态或行为的突变引起的副产物。第四。在天然群体中存在广泛的遗传多态性可能是由于各种水平的缓冲效应，即抵消突变的有害性质。这使得许多突变显得有效中性或几乎中立。因此，大多数突变可能在出生时不能预先确定，具有中性，有益或有害的固有性。相反，他们的性质主要取决于它们的背景，由遗传背景，生理状态，生态条件和其他变量定义。本文中概述的扣除是初步的。然而，我们的假设是臭名的，因为它们允许许多预测来制作，重要的是，它们被严格的测试均可缩小。

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