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首页> 外文会议>Darwin 200 Beijing International Conference >The Evolution of Mammalian Brain — from Darwin's The Origin to the New Evidence of Mesozoic Mammals
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The Evolution of Mammalian Brain — from Darwin's The Origin to the New Evidence of Mesozoic Mammals

机译：哺乳动物大脑的演变 - 从达尔文的起源到中生代哺乳动物新证据

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In the year 2009, we celebrate both Charles Darwin's 200th birthday and the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species (the Origin, Darwin 1859) by presenting various research results that make sense only within the context of evolution. While numerous new disciplines related to evolution have been established since Darwin, many classical researches have remained lively and made enormous progresses, of which is the study on brain evolution (Smulders 2009a). Although from the first edition to the later ones of the Origin, Darwin did not discuss brain evolution in any detail, but he paid increasingly attention to the issue. He did state that natural selection applies to the brain as it does to all the other organs in the 6th edition (Darwin 1872). However, Darwin was aware of the issue not only because brain evolution was a subject actively studied by his contemporary anatomists, such as Huxley, but also because he had published the first edition of The descent of man (Darwin 1871) before the 6th edition of the Origin.In the waves of debates inspired by The Origin, one of the key issues was the position of humans as part of the animal kingdom, an unavoidable subject in Darwin's time. This issue was then best reflected by The descent of man, an argument for the similarities and continuity between apes and humans. Darwin wrote: "No one, I presume, doubts that the large proportion which the size of man's brain bears to his body, compared to the same proportion in the gorilla or orangutan, is closely con-nected with his mental powers." As other similarities between those of humans and other mammals, Darwin emphasized the importance of the brain: "It is notorious that man is constructed on the same general type or model with other mammals. All the bones in his skeleton can be compared with corresponding bones in a monkey, bat, or seal. So it is with his muscles, nerves, blood-vessels and internal viscera. The brain, the most important of all the organs, follows the same law, as shown by Huxley and other anatomists" (Darwin 1871).Within the evolutionary framework, the human brain would be subject to the pressures of natural selection as those of other animals. Therefore, understanding what makes human brain, and functions and behavioral activities that go along with it, different from those of other animals requires explor-ing the brain evolution and variety of other animals, including those that have become extinct in the geological history (Jerison 1973). A large portion of brain research has focused on describing and understanding the patterns of descendant with modified mammalian brains and asking the questions of when, what, how and why these patterns and modifications took place (Northcutt 2003). Early works largely addressed the easy-to-measure aspects of brain morphology, such as the overall size or the sizes of major brain parts (Healy and Rowe 2007). While these works continue to be fruitful (Isler et al. 2008; Smulders 2009), new efforts have been made to build hypotheses for brain evolution that integrate data ranging from molecular biology, neuroscience, ecology to paleontology (Aboitiz et al. 2003; Smulders 2009). This is not only because we want to understand why we are and where we come from, but because even in a medical point of view studying brain evolution is relevant as long as biomedical researches use other animals to help us understand the human brain (Smulders 2009a).Unlike other amniotes, the mammalian brain is characterized by the unique isocortex that is a 6-lay-ered structure, differing from the 3-layered telencephalic laminar structures such as the hippocampal formation, the olfactory cortex, and the reptilian cortices (Super et al. 1998b). The development of the isocortex is externally characterized by expansion of the forebrain. This feature can be estimated from an endocast of the braincase in early mammals. However, fossil cranial endocasts in early mammals are rare and often dis
机译：在2009年，我们既庆祝达尔文诞辰200周年，并通过仅在进化的背景下提出的各种研究成果，使感物种起源（起源，达尔文1859年）出版150周年。虽然许多有关发展新学科已经自达尔文以来建立起来，许多经典的研究仍然活泼，取得了巨大的进步，这是对大脑进化（Smulders 2009年a）的研究。虽然从第一版到原点的后来者，达尔文并没有讨论大脑进化的任何细节，但他付出日益关注的问题。他确实状态，自然选择适用于因为它在第6版中的所有其他器官的大脑（达尔文1872年）。然而，达尔文意识到这个问题，不仅是因为大脑进化是由他的当代的解剖学家，如赫胥黎积极研究一个课题，也是因为他的第6版之前公布的人的后裔（达尔文1871年）第一版该Origin.In的起源的关键问题之一启发辩论的波是人类作为动物界，在​​达尔文的时代不可回避的课题的一部分的立场。这个问题是那么最好的男人，对猿和人之间的相似性和连续性参数的下降反映。达尔文写道：“没有人，我相信，怀疑，认为大比例的人的大脑熊的大小，以他的身体，而在大猩猩或猩猩的比例相同，是密切CON-nected用他的精神力量。”由于这些人类和其他哺乳动物之间的其他相似之处，达尔文强调大脑的重要性：“这是臭名昭著的，人是与其他哺乳动物相同的一般类型或模型构建了他的骨骼的所有骨头可以与相应的骨骼进行比较。在猴子，蝙蝠，或密封。因此，它是与他的肌肉，神经，血液，血管和内部内脏，大脑，是最重要的器官，遵循同样的规律，如赫胥黎等解剖学家”（达尔文1871年）.Within演变框架，人的大脑会受到自然选择那些其他动物的压力。因此，了解是什么让人类的大脑，以及功能和与它一起去的行为活动，与其他动物的不同需要EXPLOR-ING的大脑进化和其他多种动物，包括那些已经成为地质历史上灭绝的（Jerison 1973年）。大脑研究的很大一部分都集中在描述和理解后裔的模式与改造的哺乳动物的大脑，问的问题的时候，是什么，如何以及为什么这些模式和修改发生（2003 Northcutt）。早期作品主要是解决脑的形态，对容易衡量的方面，如整体规模或重大大脑部位（Healy和2007年罗）的大小。虽然这些作品仍然是硕果累累（Isler的等2008; Smulders 2009年），新的已作出努力打造假设大脑进化集成了数据，从分子生物学，神经科学，生态学古生物学（Aboitiz等，2003; Smulders 2009）。这不仅是因为我们要理解为什么我们和我们来自哪里，而是因为即使在视研究脑进化医疗点有关，只要生物医学研究用其他动物来帮助我们理解人脑（Smulders 2009a的）。不像其它脊椎动物，哺乳动物大脑超级特征在于独特isocortex这是一个6层​​结构，从3层端脑层状结构不同，如海马结构，嗅皮质，和爬行动物的皮质（等。1998年）。所述isocortex的发展在外部，其特征在于所述前脑的膨胀。此功能可以从脑壳的早期哺乳动物的endocast进行估计。然而，在早期哺乳动物化石颅endocasts是罕见的，往往存款保险计划

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