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Hydrogen Jet Vapor Cloud Explosion: Test Data and Comparison with Predictions

机译：氢气喷射蒸汽云爆炸：测试数据和预测比较

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Releases of hydrogen at elevated pressures form turbulent jets which may pose vapor cloud explosion (VCE) as well as jet fire hazards. The turbulence induced by the jet release can lead to flame speeds sufficient to produce damaging blast loads if the release is not immediately ignited, even in the absence of confinement or congestion. The VCE hazard posed by such high pressure hydrogen releases is not well-recognized, and there is no well-established methodology to predict the associated VCE blast loads. Air Products commissioned a series of hydrogen jet release tests, targeted primarily at measuring the thermal flux from ignited open air hydrogen jets. The hydrogen jets were created by depressurizing a high-pressure hydrogen reservoir through a horizontal vent pipe. Pipe diameters of 3/4-inch and 2-inches were tested at a release pressure of approximately 60 barg, giving initial flow rates of roughly 1 and 8 kg/s, respectively. For both release sizes, a single test was performed where the ignition system was not activated until approximately 2 seconds after the release had been initiated, such that the resulting flame propagated into a turbulent flammable gas cloud of limited volume. Blast loads were measured at 10 meters and 20 meters off the jet centerline. BakerRisk compared the data from the Air Products hydrogen jet VCE tests with predictions made using the FLACS computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. FLACS was first used to evaluate the flammable clouds resulting from the jet releases up to the time of ignition. FLACS was then run with a range of grid sizes for the 2-inch release case to determine a grid size that gave reasonable agreement with the measured peak pressure and pressure history. The grid size methodology providing the closest agreement with the 2-inch release case data was then used to evaluate the 3/4-inch release case. This paper presents the data from these two hydrogen jet release VCE tests and the comparison with the FLACS predictions. Based on these results, the feasibility of using FLACS as a general predictive tool for the blast loads from such hydrogen releases is discussed.
机译：升高压力下氢的氢气形成湍流喷射，其可能占蒸汽云爆炸（VCE）以及喷射火灾危害。如果在没有限制或充血的情况下，如果在没有限制或充血的情况下，射流释放诱导的湍流可能导致足以产生损坏的爆破载荷的火焰速度。这种高压氢释放的VCE危害不公开，并且没有良好的方法来预测相关的VCE Blast负载。空气产品委托一系列氢气释放试验，主要针对测量从点燃的露天氢气喷射器的热量通量。通过通过水平通气管减压高压氢气贮存器来产生氢气喷射。在大约60副60barg的释放压力下测试3/4英寸和2英寸的管道直径，初始流速分别为1和8kg / s。对于释放尺寸，在启动释放后，在未激活点火系统直到大约2秒的情况下进行一次测试，使得所得火焰传播到有限体积的湍流易燃气体云中。爆炸载荷在10米处测量，距喷射中心线20米。 Bakerrisk将来自空气产品的数据与使用FLACS计算流体动力学（CFD）代码进行的预测进行了预测。 FLACS首先用于评估喷射释放到点火时间的易燃云。然后使用一系列网格尺寸为2英寸释放案例运行FLAC，以确定与测量的峰值压力和压力历史进行合理协议的网格尺寸。然后使用提供与2英寸释放案例数据最接近的网格尺寸的方法来评估3/4英寸释放情况。本文介绍了这两个氢气喷射释放VCE测试的数据，以及与FLACS预测的比较。基于这些结果，讨论了使用FLACS作为来自这种氢释放的爆破载荷的一般预测工具的可行性。

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