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首页> 外文会议>IAF Symposium on Commercial Spaceflight Safety Issues;International Astronautical Congress >BEWARE OF THE HYBRIDS: LEGAL ISSUES OF AIR LAUNCHES
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BEWARE OF THE HYBRIDS: LEGAL ISSUES OF AIR LAUNCHES

机译：谨防混合动力车：空气发射的法律问题

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This paper addresses key legal challenges as to the legal regime applicable to air launches of space objects. Air launches appear attractive to some providers of launch services and manned spaceflights. They can have two forms: (a) a system composed of a mothership that operates as an aircraft and carries a rocket-propelled vehicle, which is released at a specific altitude and activates its own engines to reach outer space; (b) a vehicle carrying both air-breathing and rocket engines activates the latter after reaching a certain altitude. From a legal perspective, it is unclear if these systems/vehicles should be treated as aircraft or space objects before separation/activation of rocket propulsion, and, in case of composite systems, after releasing the vehicle carried. The question is of great importance, because it determines the applicable legal regime in a variety of issues, such as safety, licensing, certification, air traffic control, crew qualification, liability etc. In all these areas, will air law or space law apply? The former is complex and extensive, and its application to the private space industry may be inappropriate. The latter may be too vague to provide adequate legal solutions. This paper examines how national and international air law is likely to apply to air launches and highlights some relevant legal ramifications. At the same time, it underscores some of the drawbacks of the current space law regime. It is noted that even if special national rules that cover certain aspects of such launches are enacted, qualification of a vehicle as an aircraft might cause the complementary application of aviation rules. Moreover, distinguishing between vehicles according to their flight specifications risks hampering innovation. The paper argues that comprehensive, yet flexible, legal rules on private spaceflights are needed, regardless the specifications of the vehicles used. It also makes suggestions on the development and content of such rules.
机译：本文涉及适用于空间对象的空气发射的法律制度的关键法律挑战。空气发射对某些发射服务提供商和载人航天飞行器显得有吸引力。它们可以有两种形式：（a）由作为飞机运行的母体的系统组成的系统，并携带火箭推进的车辆，该车辆被释放在特定的高度并激活其自己的发动机以达到外部空间; （b）携带空气呼吸和火箭发动机的车辆在达到一定的高度后激活后者。从法律角度来看，如果在分离/激活火箭推进之前，则不清楚这些系统/车辆是否应该被视为飞机或空间物体，并且在释放车辆之后，在复合系统的情况下。问题非常重要，因为它决定了各种问题的适用法律制度，例如所有这些领域的安全，许可，认证，空中交通管制，船员资格，责任等，将空中法律或空间法适用还前者是复杂的，广泛的，它对私人空间行业的应用可能不合适。后者可能太模糊，无法提供足够的法律解决方案。本文介绍了国家和国际航空法可能适用于空气发射，并突出一些有关的法律后果。与此同时，它强调了当前空间法律制度的一些缺点。值得注意的是，即使涵盖此类发动机的某些方面的特殊国家规则也被颁布，作为飞机作为飞机的资格可能会导致航空规则的补充。而且，根据他们的航班规格区分车辆风险妨碍着创新。本文认为，无论使用的车辆的规格，都需要在私人航天飞行器上进行全面但灵活的法律规则。它还提出了这些规则的发展和内容的建议。

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