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首页> 外文会议>National Dam Safety Program >Saving Lives at 'Killer Dams' Improving Public Safety at Low Head Dams
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Saving Lives at 'Killer Dams' Improving Public Safety at Low Head Dams

机译：挽救“杀手水坝”的生命，改善低水头水坝的公共安全

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The terms "killer dams", "drowning machines", "death traps" and "dams of death" have often been used to describe low head, run-of-the-river dams. Despite these negative connotations, many streams and rivers have low head dams that serve important functions including water supply, recreation, irrigation, navigation, streambed stabilization, power generation, and flow measurement, often enhancing sound environmental objectives. Under most flow conditions these dams are substantially non-hazardous and have become favorite destinations for increasing numbers of fisherman, boaters, waders and other visitors. However, under certain flow conditions low head dams can become significant hazards, contributing to many drownings of persons unaware of the danger, often even despite posted warnings. Between 2000 and 2003 alone over 31 drownings were reported at low head dams in 15 states within the United States [Tschantz, 2003]. The victims included expert swimmers, rescue workers and other professionals equipped with state-of-the-art life saving and rescue gear who were aware of the hazards but still succumbed to lethal hydraulic forces. In some instances particular low head dams have been the site of multiple drownings, yet these continue to operate without modification to mitigate the hazards.rnThis paper presents an overview of observations and lessons learned from the authors' recent experience with litigation related to drownings at low head dams as well as alternative design concepts for modifying low head dams to improve public safety. Topics discussed include identifying and categorizing types of public safety hazards commonly found at low head dams and the legal responsibilities of dam owners as they relate to public safety. State-of-the-art methods for modifying existing low head dams and designing new low head dams to improve public safety are presented and illustrated using several recent case studies. Emphasis is placed on access restrictions and techniques that can be applied to eliminate or substantially reduce the hydraulic roller and backwash that typically occurs on the downstream side of low head dams.
机译：术语“杀手水坝”，“挖土机”，“死亡陷阱”和“死亡水坝”经常被用来描述低水头，过河水坝。尽管存在这些负面含义，但许多溪流和河道均设有低水头水坝，这些水坝起着重要的功能，包括供水，娱乐，灌溉，航行，河床稳定，发电和流量测量等，通常会提高合理的环境目标。在大多数水流条件下，这些水坝基本上是无害的，并已成为越来越多的渔民，划船者，涉水者和其他游客的首选目的地。但是，在某些水流条件下，低水头水坝可能会成为严重的危险，即使有人张贴警告，许多溺水者仍未意识到这一危险。据报道，仅在2000年至2003年间，美国15个州的低水头大坝就淹死了31多个人[Tschantz，2003年]。遇难者包括专业游泳者，救援人员和其他配备了最新救生和救援装备的专业人员，他们知道这些危险，但仍然屈服于致命的水力。在某些情况下，低水位大坝曾是多次溺水的地点，但这些水坝仍在继续运行而无需进行任何改造以减轻危害。水头水坝，以及用于修改低水头水坝以改善公共安全的替代设计概念。讨论的主题包括对低水头大坝常见的公共安全危害类型进行识别和分类，以及大坝所有者与公共安全有关的法律责任。通过一些近期案例研究，介绍并举例说明了用于改造现有低水头大坝和设计新的低水头大坝以改善公共安全的最新方法。重点放在出入限制和可用于消除或大大减少通常在低水头坝下游侧发生的液压辊和反冲洗的技术上。

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