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A line rate calculation method for arbitrary directional imaging of an Earth observing satellite

机译：地球观测卫星任意定向成像的线速计算方法

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For an earth observing satellite, a line rate is the number of lines which the CCD of push broom type camera scans in a second. It can be easily calculated by ground velocity divided by ground sample distance. Accurate calculation of line rate is necessary to obtain high quality image using TDI CCD. The earth observing satellite has four types of imaging missions which are strip imaging, stereo imaging, multi-point imaging, and arbitrary directional imaging. For the first three types of imaging, ground scanning direction is aligned with satellite velocity direction. Therefore, if the orbit propagation and spacecraft attitude information are available, the ground velocity and ground sample distance could be easily calculated. However, the calculation method might not be applicable to the arbitrary directional imaging. In the arbitrary directional imaging mode, the ground velocity is not fixed value which could be directly derived by orbit information. Furthermore, the ground sample distance might not be easily calculated by simple trigonometry which is possible for the other types of imaging. In this paper, we proposed a line rate calculation method for the arbitrary directional imaging. We applied spherical geometry to derive the equation of ground point which is the intersection between the line of sight vector of the camera and earth surface. The derivative of this equation for time is the ground velocity except the factor of earth rotation. By adding this equation and earth rotation factor, the true ground velocity vector could be derived. For the ground sample distance, we applied the equation of circle and ellipse for yaw angle difference. The equation of circle is used for the yaw angle representation on the plane which is orthogonal to the line of sight vector. The equation of ellipse is used for the yaw angle representation on the ground surface. We applied the proposed method to the KOMPSAT-3A (Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite 3A) mission which is the first Korean satellite with optical and infrared sensor. The satellite was launched by a Dnepr on 26 March 2015 and started normal operation on September 2015. The payload of the satellite is AEISS-A(Advanced Earth Imaging Sensor System-A) which has 0.55m GSD for panchromatic image, 2.2m GSD for multi-spectral image, and day-and-night infrared image. The main mission objective of the satellite is providing high resolution electro-optical images and infrared images for GIS application. By applying the proposed method, the line rate error was reduced to about 0.2％ from 0.5％ of previous method. The arbitrary directional imaging mode became a major operation mode and various application modes including due north directional imaging, pitch steering imaging, pitch step imaging are now developing. These application modes are based on technical achievement of the proposed method. In this paper, the details of line rate calculation method are described. The experimental results show the accuracy of the proposed method is less than 0.2％ in average. For the application results, the mission operation of KOMPSAT-3A and arbitrary directional imaging results are described.
机译：对于地球观测卫星，线速是推扫式摄像机的CCD在每秒内扫描的线数。用地面速度除以地面样本距离即可轻松计算出。为了使用TDI CCD获得高质量图像，必须精确计算线速。对地观测卫星具有四种成像任务，分别是条带成像，立体成像，多点成像和任意方向成像。对于前三种成像，地面扫描方向与卫星速度方向对齐。因此，如果可获得轨道传播和航天器姿态信息，则可以轻松计算出地面速度和地面样本距离。但是，该计算方法可能不适用于任意方向成像。在任意定向成像模式下，地面速度不是固定值，可以通过轨道信息直接得出。此外，地面样本距离可能不容易通过简单的三角函数来计算，这对于其他类型的成像来说是可能的。本文提出了一种针对任意方向成像的线速计算方法。我们应用球面几何来导出地面点方程，该方程是相机视线矢量与地面之间的交点。该方程式的时间导数是除地球自转因子以外的地面速度。通过将此方程式与地球自转因子相加，可以得出真实的地面速度矢量。对于地面样本距离，我们针对偏航角差应用了圆和椭圆方程。圆方程用于与视线矢量正交的平面上的偏航角表示。椭圆方程用于表示地面上的偏航角。我们将提出的方法应用于KOMPSAT-3A（韩国多用途卫星3A）任务，这是韩国第一颗带有光学和红外传感器的卫星。该卫星由德聂伯级卫星于2015年3月26日发射升空，并于2015年9月开始正常运行。该卫星的有效载荷为AEISS-A（高级地球成像传感器系统-A），其全色图像GSD为0.55m，GSD为2.2m GSD。多光谱图像和昼夜红外图像。卫星的主要任务目标是为GIS应用提供高分辨率的光电图像和红外图像。通过使用所提出的方法，线速误差从以前的方法的0.5％降低到约0.2％。任意方向成像模式已成为主要的操作模式，并且正在开发各种应用模式，包括正北方向成像，俯仰转向成像，俯仰步进成像。这些应用模式基于所提出方法的技术成就。本文详细介绍了线速计算方法。实验结果表明，该方法的平均准确度小于0.2％。对于应用结果，描述了KOMPSAT-3A的任务操作和任意方向的成像结果。

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