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Mining milk for nutritional bioactivity: Fermentability of milk oligosaccharides by human microflora.

机译：挖掘牛奶的营养生物活性：人类微生物群对牛奶低聚糖的发酵能力。

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Compared to infant formula, consumption of breast milk by infants leads to advantages we cannot explain with current knowledge of food composition and nutrition. Thus, rigorous compositional deconstruction of human milk and functional annotation of the constituent parts will provide a broader understanding of the potential of human nutrition.; The third most concentrated component of human milk, after lactose and fat, is soluble oligosaccharides. These molecules are comprised of glucose, galactose, glucoasmine, fucose, and sialic acid, and are synthesized by the sequential addition of monosaccharides to a lactose backbone. Over 130 individual species have been identified. They are heterogeneous between women, and are not digestible by human digestive enzymes. They are presumed to serve as prebiotics, or indigestible carbohydrates which selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, yet little data has been generated on the specifics of this activity.; The goal of this investigation was to determine which, if any, of these molecules was fermentable by selected members of the gut microflora. A method was developed to separate oligosaccharides from the fat, protein, and lactose in milk. Subsequently, the oligosaccharides were added to a growth media as the sole source of fermentable carbohydrate.; In an initial experiment, it was determined that Bifidobacterium infantis and Staphylococcus epidermis were able to utilize milk oligosaccharides as an energy source, whereas Lactobacillus gasseri was not. An analysis of the carbohydrates in the spent media by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-Fourier transform mass spectrometry (MALDI-FTMS), confirmed this observation.; Subsequent fermentation studies were conducted with 5 additional strains of bifidobacteria, B. bifidum, B. adolescentis, B. breve, and two B. longum strains. Of all the strains tested, only B. infantis and B. bifidum were able to significantly degrade the oligosaccharides. Analysis of the carbohydrates in the spent media indicated that both of these strains contained the ability to cleave off terminal sialic acid from the milk oligosaccharides, leaving the free sugar. Analysis of the monosaccharides in the spent media using gas chromatography indicated that B. infantis was able to utilize all of the monosaccharide constituents of milk oligosaccharides, whereas B. bifidum utilized only galactose and glucose.
机译：与婴儿配方食品相比，婴儿食用母乳会带来一些好处，而就目前的食品成分和营养知识而言，我们无法解释这些优点。因此，对人乳的严格成分解构和组成部分的功能注释将提供对人营养潜力的更广泛理解。人乳中仅次于乳糖和脂肪的第三高浓度成分是可溶性寡糖。这些分子由葡萄糖，半乳糖，氨基葡萄糖，岩藻糖和唾液酸组成，并且是通过将单糖顺序添加到乳糖骨架上而合成的。已经鉴定出130多种个体。它们在女性之间是异质的，不能被人的消化酶消化。据推测它们可以作为益生元或选择性消化有益肠道细菌生长的不易消化的碳水化合物，但关于这种活性的具体数据还很少。这项研究的目的是确定这些分子中的哪些（如果有的话）可以被肠道菌群的选定成员发酵。开发了一种从牛奶中的脂肪，蛋白质和乳糖中分离寡糖的方法。随后，将寡糖添加到生长培养基中作为可发酵碳水化合物的唯一来源。在最初的实验中，确定婴儿双歧杆菌和表皮葡萄球菌能够利用牛奶低聚糖作为能源，而加氏乳杆菌则不能。基质辅助激光解吸电离-傅里叶变换质谱法（MALDI-FTMS）对废介质中的碳水化合物进行分析，证实了这一观察结果。随后用另外5个双歧杆菌，双歧双歧杆菌，青春双歧杆菌，短双歧杆菌和两个长双歧杆菌菌株进行了发酵研究。在所有测试的菌株中，只有婴儿双歧杆菌和双歧双歧杆菌能够显着降解寡糖。对用过的培养基中的碳水化合物的分析表明，这两个菌株均具有从乳寡糖中裂解末端唾液酸的能力，而留下游离糖。用气相色谱法分析废培养基中的单糖表明，婴儿双歧杆菌能够利用牛奶寡糖的所有单糖成分，而双歧双歧杆菌仅利用半乳糖和葡萄糖。

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