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Measurement of Road Grade for In-use Emissions Testing Assessment.

机译：道路坡度测量，用于在用排放测试评估。

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摘要

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has implemented regulations over the last four decades on emissions from on- and off-road heavy-duty engines as they contribute a significant portion to mobile source emissions. These regulations compelled manufacturers to develop more advanced techniques for engine combustion and emissions formation control and measurement of those emissions. While engine dynamometers, chassis dynamometers, and in-use emissions measurements using portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) have been used for emissions measurement, grade effects on inventory loading are not well defined. A method to accurately measure road grade for emissions modeling is needed.;This study was conducted to examine continuous, real-time, in-situ methods to measure or infer road grade for vehicle power estimations and the resulting emissions generated. The study examined utilization of direct global position system (GPS) data and inference of altitude change through barometric pressure changes using absolute and differential pressure transducers. Studies were conducted to evaluate the accuracy and repeatability of the road grade determination through controlled laboratory experiments and road driving over a defined 4.25 km route with an altitude change of approximately 80 meters through city and suburban driving conditions.;The results from laboratory experiments showed select absolute pressure sensors had the lowest variability with a standard deviation of 0.7 meters for repeated measurements, while other absolute and differential pressure sensors had a standard deviation between 1.3 and 11 meters for repeated measurements.;The data from 32 repeat road tests were collected to examine the variation of altitude determination at discrete locations along the route for each sensor. GPSSite altitude obtained from latitude and longitude had the best repeatability and reproducibility with maximum and average COV being 0.50% and 0.12%, respectively. The absolute pressure sensor with the best repeatability and reproducibility had a maximum and average COV being 0.89% and 0.47%, respectively. The grade obtained from these sensors varied from +15% to -20%. Although altitude obtained from GPS latitude and longitude had the lowest variability, it had the largest variations in the grade determination. Therefore, inference of grade from absolute pressure was considered as the best approach.
机译：在过去的四十年中，美国环境保护署（EPA）已实施有关重型和公路用重型发动机排放的法规，因为它们在移动源排放中占很大比重。这些法规迫使制造商开发更先进的技术来进行发动机燃烧和排放物形成控制以及这些排放物的测量。尽管已使用发动机测功机，底盘测功机和使用便携式排放物测量系统（PEMS）的使用中排放物测量进行排放物测量，但对存货负荷的坡度影响尚不明确。需要一种用于排放模型的准确测量道路坡度的方法。;本研究旨在检查连续或实时的就地测量或推断道路坡度的方法，以进行车辆功率估算和产生的排放。这项研究检查了直接全球定位系统（GPS）数据的利用以及使用绝对和差压传感器通过大气压力变化推断海拔变化的情况。通过受控的实验室实验和在定义的4.25 km路线上行驶且在城市和郊区行驶条件下高度变化约80米的道路上行驶，进行了评估道路坡度确定的准确性和可重复性的研究;实验室实验的结果表明选择绝对压力传感器的变异性最低，重复测量的标准偏差为0.7米，而其他绝对压力和差压传感器的重复测量的标准偏差为1.3至11米。;收集了32次重复路测的数据以进行检查每个传感器在沿路线的不连续位置处确定高度的变化。从纬度和经度获得的GPSSite高度具有最佳的可重复性和可重复性，最大和平均COV分别为0.50％和0.12％。具有最佳可重复性和可重复性的绝对压力传感器的最大和平均COV分别为0.89％和0.47％。从这些传感器获得的等级从+ 15％到-20％不等。尽管从GPS纬度和经度获得的海拔高度变化性最低，但在坡度确定中其变化最大。因此，从绝对压力推断等级被认为是最佳方法。

著录项

  • 作者

    Baddam, Praveen Reddy.;

  • 作者单位

    West Virginia University.;

  • 授予单位 West Virginia University.;
  • 学科 Statistics.;Engineering Mechanical.
  • 学位 M.S.
  • 年度 2012
  • 页码 96 p.
  • 总页数 96
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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