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Cognitive Structures Underlying Gendered Language Usage in Germany: Narration and Linguistic Fieldwork.

机译：德国性别语言使用背后的认知结构：叙事和语言田野调查。

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摘要

This study intends to expand the historical language and gender debate (Chapter 1) by examining the cognitive structures that underlie human beliefs about gender. Although the work does not profess to be a feminist work, it does seek to offer an opinion about how and why linguistic and social change can occur within a population. It examines the current state of gendered language usage and the potential for change in gendered language usage within a Western population. The foundational methods for this study include cognitive linguistic and metaphor theories (Chapter 2) combined with narrative theory (Chapter 3), and the study incorporates Christian theological (Chapter 4) and feminist history (Chapters 1 & 4) as a basis for understanding the cultural conventions about gender in the West.;Narratives are considered to be "Instruments of Mind" (3.6). They consist of systematic structures necessary for all human cognition, principally consisting of metaphorical mappings between source and target domains (2.6). Narrative structures therefore enable us to reason throughout daily life. As a crucial part of our reasoning strategies, narratives point to the details in our moral systems (Chapter 4). A moral system is the coherent foundation of a person's beliefs and choices. Moral systems are culturally shared, but there may be several versions of moral systems in any given culture (4.1). Due to the prolific capacity of metaphorical reasoning, spreading activation in neural structures that enables such reasoning (2.4), and the radial characteristics of real human categorization strategies (2.2, 2.3), no human being reasons with complete consistency. Exceptions abound and point to the blending of moral systems in individuals' reasoning strategies (Chapter 10). Crucially, exceptions indicate both the potential for change and an innate human creativity (2.11, Chapter 10).;We can draw inferences (3.1) about human reasoning structures and individuals' moral systems from the language individuals choose to discuss culturally shared stories. Constellations of words, collocations, phrases, and metaphors point to the values, or moral systems, of each individual. Constellations and collocations (3.4) often demonstrate beliefs in cultural folk models (2.3, 4.1.5). Folk models primarily consist of prototypes and basic-level effects (2.2), and speakers employ these to make speedy and efficient judgments about people, things, and actions in everyday life. Prototype categories, however, are radial categories (2.2, 2.3), which means that membership in a category is based on relationship to the central member, but that categories have indistinct boundaries and allow for unique or novel inclusion radiating from the central members. The capacity for novel usage (2.11) is one of the most salient qualities of human cognition, and it is the quality that allows for both linguistic and social change through cognitive transformation.;The primary folk models in the West point to two moral systems used by speakers to reason about daily, mundane and complex functions and actions. Both prototypical moral systems stem from the Christian heritage: the Strict Father system of morality (SFM) and the Nurturant Parent system of morality (NPM) (Chapter 4). SFM involves hierarchies, strict boundaries, moral strength, and purity, while NPM is based on empathy and dissolves notions of hierarchies. This study demonstrates through interviews with 26 native speakers of modern German regarding stories of Christian saints (Chapters 5–9) that the leading moral system both historically and currently in this Western population segment is SFM (Chapter 10). While many speakers demonstrate occasional features of NPM reasoning, female consultants tend to demonstrate more of these features than male consultants (Chapters 7–10). It appears that women's historical status as a subordinate group under a SFM system may predispose them to the use of empathy (10.1) and therefore to the use of NPM reasoning. Women tend to be the primary instigators of change in gendered language usage.;Finally, the analysis of the study suggests that language and social change occur over time as a result of the creative potential inherent in empathetic cognition, found more often in subordinate groups, due to their perception of a need for alternatives from the norm (Chapter 10). Change rarely occurs "from above", through those who make up the status quo, but originates out of a need by subordinate groups to break down strict boundaries and rigid divisions. Change is always possible, as human cognition is based on fuzzy boundaries and radial categories. Nonetheless, change is a slow process because it requires long-term and often radical alterations in the tenacious narrative and cognitive structures of a shared culture.
机译：这项研究旨在通过考察人类对性别观念的认知基础来扩展历史语言和性别辩论（第1章）。尽管该作品自称不是女权主义作品，但它的确试图就人群中语言和社会变化的发生方式和原因提出意见。它研究了性别使用语言的现状以及西方人群中性别使用语言变化的可能性。这项研究的基础方法包括认知语言学和隐喻理论（第2章），结合叙事理论（第3章），并且该研究结合了基督教神学（第4章）和女权主义历史（第1和第4章）作为理解认知的基础。西方关于性别的文化习俗。叙事被认为是“思想工具”（3.6）。它们由所有人类认知所必需的系统结构组成，主要包括源域和目标域之间的隐喻映射（2.6）。因此，叙事结构使我们能够在日常生活中进行推理。作为我们推理策略的关键部分，叙述指向我们道德体系中的细节（第4章）。道德体系是一个人的信念和选择的连贯基础。道德制度在文化上是共享的，但是在任何给定的文化中，道德制度可能有多种版本（4.1）。由于隐喻推理的能力强，能够进行这种推理的神经结构中的扩展激活（2.4）以及真实的人类分类策略的径向特征（2.2、2.3），因此没有人具有完全的一致性。例外情况比比皆是，并指出道德系统在个人推理策略中的融合（第10章）。至关重要的是，例外既表明了变革的潜力，又表明了人类固有的创造力（2.11，第10章）。我们可以从个人选择讨论文化共享故事的语言中得出关于人类推理结构和个人道德体系的推论（3.1）。单词，搭配，短语和隐喻的星座指向每个人的价值或道德体系。星座和搭配（3.4）经常表明对文化民间模型的信仰（2.3，4.1.5）。民间模型主要由原型和基本级别的效果（2.2）组成，说话者使用它们来快速，有效地判断日常生活中的人物，事物和行为。但是，原型类别是放射状类别（2.2、2.3），这意味着类别中的成员资格基于与中央成员的关系，但是类别具有不明确的边界，并允许从中央成员放射出独特或新颖的包含。新颖用法的能力（2.11）是人类认知的最突出的特质之一，也是通过认知转换而使语言和社会发生变化的质量。西方的主要民间模型指出了所使用的两种道德体系演讲者可以推理日常，平凡和复杂的功能和动作。两种典型的道德体系都源于基督教的传承：严格的父亲道德体系（SFM）和“养育父母的道德体系”（NPM）（第4章）。 SFM涉及层次结构，严格的边界，道德力量和纯洁，而NPM则基于同理心并消除了层次结构的概念。这项研究通过对26位现代德语母语人士进行的有关基督徒圣人的故事的采访（第5-9章）表明，历史上和目前在这一西方人群中领先的道德体系是SFM（第10章）。尽管许多发言者展示了NPM推理的偶然特征，但女性顾问往往比男性顾问表现出更多的这些特征（第7-10章）。看来，在可持续森林管理系统下，妇女作为下属群体的历史地位可能使她们倾向于使用同理心（10.1），因此倾向于采用新手法推理。妇女往往是性别使用语言改变的主要诱因。最后，研究分析表明，由于移情认知固有的创造潜能，随着时间的推移，语言和社会发生了变化，这种现象在下属群体中更为常见，由于他们认为需要从规范中选择替代方案（第10章）。变化很少通过构成现状的人“自上而下”发生，而是源于下属团体打破严格界限和僵化分歧的需要。变化始终是可能的，因为人类的认知是基于模糊的边界和径向类别。尽管如此，变革是一个缓慢的过程，因为它需要对共享文化的顽强的叙事和认知结构进行长期且通常是彻底的改变。

著录项

  • 作者

    Kolar, Meredith Grace.;

  • 作者单位

    University of California, Berkeley.;

  • 授予单位 University of California, Berkeley.;
  • 学科 Language Linguistics.;Language General.;Gender Studies.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2011
  • 页码 171 p.
  • 总页数 171
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

  • 入库时间 2022-08-17 11:45:19

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