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首页> 外文学位 >Scientists and swindlers: Coal, oil, and scientific consulting in the American industrial revolution, 1830-1870. (Volumes I and II).
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Scientists and swindlers: Coal, oil, and scientific consulting in the American industrial revolution, 1830-1870. (Volumes I and II).

机译：科学家和骗子：1830-1870年美国工业革命中的煤炭，石油和科学咨询。 （第一和第二卷）。

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摘要

This is a study of the relations of science and industry during the American industrial revolution. It discusses three industries: coal gas, coal oil, and petroleum. Each emerged as a new industry during this period and each was closely linked to science through the activities of consultants, who helped to launch new companies and reorganize existing ones. American scientists willingly sold expertise to industry and companies relied on scientific advice. Using a variety of hitherto unexamined sources including consultants' reports to companies (which were a new genre of scientific literature), published business prospectuses, and legal case records, as well as correspondence and scientific works, the dissertation addresses three principal themes.; First, it describes the activities of the leading scientific consultants. The majority were geologists, although chemists and mineralogists were also regularly engaged by companies. Consultants contracted for engagements, provided expertise on mining and manufacturing questions, and received compensation, usually in the form of professional fees. In addition, they were frequently called on to serve as expert witnesses in legal disputes over patent rights. Several nationally known and historically significant patent cases, which hinged on the expert testimony of scientists, are examined closely. The impact of consultants' participation led to an increased reliance on science in courts of law.; Secondly, the dissertation discusses the struggles of scientific consultants to create a code of professional conduct. Disinterestedness was the ethical standard guiding the interactions of consultants and their clients. It evolved over time and was repeatedly tested. To insure disinterestedness, consultants had to maintain their independence and objectivity, and accordingly, their roles were advisory and short-term. Consultants showed how to act professionally and to prosper from it.; Thirdly, this study treats the scientific contributions of consultants. The close connection between science and industry had important consequences for the development of geological and chemical theories about bituminous substances such as coal and petroleum. New mineralogical classificatory systems were advanced, and most importantly the major principles of petroleum geology were established. In short, scientific consulting contributed to the advancement of science and commercial innovation in mid-nineteenth-century America.
机译：这是对美国工业革命期间科学与工业关系的研究。它讨论了三个行业：煤气，煤油和石油。在此期间，每家公司都新兴了一个产业，并通过顾问的活动与科学紧密地联系在一起，这些人帮助创办了新公司并重组了现有公司。美国科学家乐意将专业知识出售给行业和公司，并依靠科学建议。本文使用了迄今未经审查的各种资料，包括给公司的顾问报告（这是科学文献的一种新形式），已出版的业务说明书，法律案例记录以及书信和科学著作，论述了三个主要主题。首先，它描述了领先的科学顾问的活动。大多数是地质学家，尽管化学家和矿物学家也定期被公司聘用。顾问签约聘用合同，提供有关采矿和制造问题的专业知识，并通常以专业费用的形式获得报酬。此外，他们经常被要求在专利权法律纠纷中担任专家证人。密切审查了一些与科学家的专业鉴定有关的，在全国范围内具有历史意义的专利案件。顾问参与的影响导致法院对科学的依赖增加。其次，论文讨论了科学顾问在制定职业行为守则方面的努力。无私是指导顾问与其客户互动的道德标准。随着时间的流逝，它经过反复测试。为了确保无私，顾问必须保持独立性和客观性，因此，他们的角色是咨询和短期的。顾问们展示了如何专业行事并从中发扬光大。第三，本研究探讨了顾问的科学贡献。科学与工业之间的紧密联系对煤和石油等沥青质的地质和化学理论的发展产生了重要的影响。新的矿物分类系统得到了发展，最重要的是建立了石油地质学的主要原理。简而言之，在19世纪中叶，科学咨询为科学和商业创新的发展做出了贡献。

著录项

  • 作者

    Lucier, Paul.;

  • 作者单位

    Princeton University.;

  • 授予单位 Princeton University.;
  • 学科 History of Science.; History United States.; Geology.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 1994
  • 页码 626 p.
  • 总页数 626
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 自然科学史;美洲史;地质学;
  • 关键词

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