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Mismatched Scales, Mismatched Intentions: Regional Wastewater Planning on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA.

机译：规模不匹配，意图不匹配：美国马萨诸塞州科德角的区域废水规划。

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摘要

Despite extensive and expensive efforts, water quality degradation continues to plague much of the United States and the world. Such complex environmental problems---where impacts are distributed inequitably and causes are contested---pose significant challenges to developing effective plans and policies. This dissertation explored patterns of spatial reasoning that occurred as stakeholders on Cape Cod, Massachusetts were enlisted to compose a regional wastewater plan in 2013 & 2014 to address a long-standing water pollution problem.;Prior plans on the Cape had failed to improve regional water quality because they focused on expensive, one-dimensional technological fixes rather than addressing the complex, social and ecological, cross-scale dynamics driving the production and flow of wastewater effluent. To avoid the future collapse of their aquatic ecosystems, stakeholders and decision-makers on the Cape used a set of shared practices that explicitly addressed the complexity of their problem. This dissertation exposed the anatomy of those cross-scale planning judgments as they occurred during the real-time flux of stakeholder meetings. It showed how and when stakeholders considered cross-scale interactions in order to understand the spatial complexities of the Cape, and how they realigned action, authority, and responsibility to account for that complexity.;To do so, twenty-two, four-hour stakeholder workshops, held between September 2013 and May 2014, were observed and video recorded. Discourse from a sample of those meetings was analyzed to show patterns of cross-scale reasoning. Video records were first reviewed to identify shorter interactive conversations, reflective of group deliberations. These conversations were coded for scalar levels in order to distinguish individual strands of talk from the fabric of the fuller conversation and to expose the judgments of the stakeholder groups.;Findings from this analysis pointed to several ways that stakeholders engaged in, what this dissertation refers to as, "20,000 Foot Thinking." This shared conceptual practice that blended scales, rather than isolating or attaching to single scales. Consider, by way of contrast, the fifty-foot scale often used in site plans and which crucially ignores external factors like the flow of natural resources. Participants engaging in "20,000 Foot Thinking" often moved between spatial scale levels (e.g. from local to regional) or between different scales (e.g. blending watersheds and towns) as they considered new ways of remediating water pollution. Findings also highlighted the important role played by professional facilitators and planning support systems in prompting pivots between scales, supporting 20,000 Foot thinking when it occurred.;The cross-scale judgments allowed the participants on the Cape to bridge the effects of solutions acting at different scalar levels, to identify and reconsider the composition of cooperative organizational networks, and to propose policies that might enable positive action and constrain maladaptive behaviors. What's more, these modes of reasoning afforded participants the capability to coordinate these reforms across administrative levels and institutional layers. This revelatory example illustrated how collaborative governance can be "rescaled" to anticipate the behavior of the system at one scalar level, to coordinate behavior at lower levels (prevent defection), or to influence a change at a higher level (promote a revolution). Learning to think and act in these terms is difficult, and this dissertation highlights how cross-scale reasoning arises in practice in order to show planners how to facilitate these kinds of judgments about complex environmental systems as groups and as individuals.
机译：尽管付出了巨大的努力和昂贵的努力，水质恶化仍困扰着美国和世界的许多地方。此类复杂的环境问题-影响分布不均，原因也存在争议-对制定有效的计划和政策提出了重大挑战。本文探讨了在马萨诸塞州科德角的利益相关者被要求在2013年和2014年制定区域废水计划以解决长期存在的水污染问题时发生的空间推理模式;开普省的先前计划未能改善区域水质量，因为他们专注于昂贵的一维技术修复，而不是解决驱动废水生产和流动的复杂，社会和生态，跨规模的动力学问题。为了避免未来的水生生态系统崩溃，开普敦的利益相关者和决策者采用了一系列共同的做法，明确地解决了其问题的复杂性。这篇论文揭示了在跨利益相关者会议的实时过程中发生的那些跨尺度计划判断的剖析。它显示了利益相关者如何以及何时考虑跨尺度的交互作用以了解开普角的空间复杂性，以及他们如何重新调整行动，权限和责任以应对这种复杂性。为此，需要二十二小时，四小时观察并于2013年9月至2014年5月之间举办了利益相关方研讨会。分析了这些会议的样本中的话语，以显示跨尺度推理的模式。首先对视频记录进行审查，以识别较短的互动对话，以反映小组的讨论。这些对话被按标量级别进行编码，以区分各个对话片段与更完整对话的结构，并揭示利益相关者群体的判断。；此分析的发现指出了利益相关者参与的几种方式，本文所指的是以“ 20,000英尺思维”。这种共享混合刻度的概念实践，而不是孤立或附加单个刻度。相比之下，考虑一下场地规划中经常使用的50英尺标尺，该标尺至关重要地忽略了外部因素，例如自然资源的流动。参加“ 20,000英尺思维”活动的参与者经常在空间尺度级别（例如，从本地到区域）之间移动，或者在不同尺度之间（例如，将流域和城镇融合在一起），因为他们考虑了补救水污染的新方法。调查结果还强调了专业服务商和计划支持系统在促进规模之间的枢纽方面所起的重要作用，当规模发生时支持20,000英尺思维;跨尺度的判断使开普角的参与者能够以不同的标量桥接解决方案的影响级别，以识别和重新考虑合作组织网络的组成，并提出可能采取积极行动并限制不良适应行为的政策。而且，这些推理模式使参与者能够跨行政级别和机构层协调这些改革。这个启示性的示例说明了如何“缩放”协作式治理以在一个标量级别上预期系统的行为，在较低级别上协调行为（防止背叛）或在较高级别上影响更改（促进革命）。学会用这些术语思考和行动是困难的，并且本文着重指出了跨尺度推理在实践中是如何产生的，以便向规划者展示如何促进对复杂环境系统的这种作为群体和个人的判断。

著录项

  • 作者

    Milz, Dan.;

  • 作者单位

    University of Illinois at Chicago.;

  • 授予单位 University of Illinois at Chicago.;
  • 学科 Urban planning.;Social structure.;Hydrologic sciences.;Public administration.;Environmental management.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2015
  • 页码 187 p.
  • 总页数 187
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 遥感技术;
  • 关键词

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