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首页> 外文学位 >Soil properties and agri-environmental conditions affect imazamox: Imazethapyr (1:1) and flucarbazone-sodium phytotoxicity and dissipation.
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Soil properties and agri-environmental conditions affect imazamox: Imazethapyr (1:1) and flucarbazone-sodium phytotoxicity and dissipation.

机译：土壤特性和农业环境条件会影响咪唑氨氮：咪唑乙烟（1：1）以及氟卡伯宗钠的植物毒性和消散作用。

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摘要

In 2002, approximately one out of four farmers in Manitoba used a herbicide product containing the combined active ingredients imazamox and imazethapyr. The active ingredient flucarbazone-sodium is equally popular, with 29 % of producers surveyed (2002) in Manitoba using herbicide products containing this active ingredient. Imazamox, imazethapyr and flucarbazone-sodium, classified as Group 2 (ALS inhibitor) herbicides, are relatively persistent in soil (with reported half-lives of 20-30, 60-90 and 17 days, respectively), and hence herbicide residues may damage subsequent sensitive crops when herbicide residues persist and are bioavailable to the plant by root uptake. In addition, herbicide residues may persist into years when other Group 2 herbicides are applied. In 2002, 37 % of Manitoba respondents surveyed applied soil residual ALS inhibitors in successive years. Concerns have been raised about these repeated applications after field agronomists reported increased incidence of field pea injury when fields were treated with imazamox:imazethapyr (1:1) following flucarbazone-sodium applications in the previous year.;Results of the phytotoxicity experiments described in Chapters 2 and 3 demonstrated that oriental mustard was generally more sensitive to imazamox: imazethapyr (1:1) than to flucarbazone-sodium residues in soil. For both herbicides, phytotoxicity showed an inverse correlation with soil organic carbon content, suggesting that herbicide sorption by soil decreased the bioavailability of herbicide residues to plants. Quantification of the sorption of imazamox and imazethapyr by each of the four soils confirmed this, as a negative correlation between sorption and phytotoxicity was observed. The effect of nitrogen on herbicide phytotoxicity was dependent on soil characteristics, the concentration of nitrogen applied, and the concentration of herbicide applied. The effects of herbicide co-application were additive or synergistic (i.e. stacking) or antagonistic depending on soil characteristics and the amounts of herbicide residues in soil.;For the dissipation experiments described in Chapter 4, soils were incubated with herbicides at a range of moisture contents (50, 75 or 100 % field capacity), a range of temperatures (5, 15 or 25°C), or a range of soil nitrogen concentrations (0, 75 or 150 kg N ha-1 ). Results indicated that the phytotoxicity throughout incubation of both imazamox:imazethapyr (1:1) and flucarbazone-sodium was smallest at 100 % field capacity and at 25°C and that herbicide phytotoxicity increased with decreasing soil moisture contents or soil temperatures because of the lesser herbicide degradation in drier and cooler soils. Soil moisture had a greater effect on the dissipation of imazamox: imazethapyr (1:1), while root length response in flucarbazone-sodium-treated soils was more affected by declining temperature. Effects of soil nitrogen treatments on herbicide dissipation were minimal for flucarbazone-sodium, but pronounced for imazamox: imazethapyr (1:1), where phytotoxicity increased with increasing soil nitrogen level, suggesting that the addition of nitrogen to soil increases herbicide sensitivity.;This research supports the notion that weed control or crop injury is not determined by the total chemical concentration of the herbicide in soil, but by the bioavailability of the herbicide residues to the plant. As demonstrated, herbicide bioavailability and hence phytotoxicity is influenced by many factors, some of which interact. In order to minimize the potential for crop damage following the use of imazamox:imazethapyr (1:1) or flucarbazone-sodium, well-planned rotations must be devised, particularly for soils that are of coarse texture, with low organic carbon contents and that are dry and cool throughout the growing season.;No published research was found on the phytotoxicity of imazamox:imazethapyr (1:1) in Manitoba soils, and only one study was found for flucarbazone-sodium phytotoxicity in Manitoba soils. This M.Sc. project utilized an oriental mustard root bioassay applied to four Manitoba soils to determine the impact of soil properties, nitrogen applications, herbicide co-applications, soil moisture conditions and soil temperature on herbicide dissipation, particularly phytotoxicity. Root length, as a percent of control, was the response measured in the bioassay that has been shown an effective indicator of flucarbazone-sodium phytotoxicity.
机译：2002年，曼尼托巴省大约四分之一的农民使用了一种除草剂产品，其中含有咪唑莫司和咪唑乙烟草的有效成分。活性成分氟卡巴zone钠同样受欢迎，在马尼托巴接受调查的生产商中有29％（2002）使用含有这种活性成分的除草剂产品。被分类为第2组（ALS抑制剂）除草剂的Imazamox，Imazethapyryr和flucarbazone-sodium在土壤中相对持久（据报道半衰期分别为20-30、60-90和17天），因此除草剂残留物可能会破坏当除草剂残留持续存在且可通过根吸收被植物生物利用时，随后的敏感作物。此外，当使用其他第2组除草剂时，除草剂残留可能会持续数年。 2002年，曼尼托巴省37％的被调查者连续几年都施用了土壤残留ALS抑制剂。在前一年农艺师报道使用咪唑莫昔：咪唑他吡（1：1）处理氟卡伯a钠后田间豌豆受伤的发生率增加后，人们对这些重复施用产生了担忧。章节中介绍了植物毒性实验的结果图2和图3表明，东方芥菜对咪唑莫司：咪唑乙烟（1：1）比对土壤中的氟卡carb钠残留更为敏感。对于这两种除草剂，植物毒性都与土壤有机碳含量呈负相关，这表明除草剂被土壤吸附会降低除草剂残留物对植物的生物利用度。四种土壤中的每一种对咪唑莫司和咪唑乙烟草的吸附量的定量证实了这一点，因为观察到吸附与植物毒性之间呈负相关。氮对除草剂植物毒性的影响取决于土壤特性，施用的氮浓度和施用的除草剂浓度。根据土壤特性和土壤中除草剂残留量的不同，共同施用除草剂的作用是累加或协同（即堆放）或拮抗作用。对于第4章所述的耗散实验，将土壤与除草剂在一定湿度下孵育含量（50、75或100％的田间持水量），温度范围（5、15或25°C）或土壤氮浓度范围（0、75或150 kg N ha-1）。结果表明，在100％的田间持水量和25°C的温度下，咪唑莫克：咪唑他吡（1：1）和氟卡磺zone钠的整个培养过程中的植物毒性最小，并且除草剂的植物毒性随着土壤含水量或温度的降低而降低。在干燥和较凉的土壤中除草剂的降解。土壤水分对咪唑（Imazamox）的消散有更大的影响：咪唑乙烟（1：1），而氟卡磺zone钠处理过的土壤的根长响应受温度下降的影响更大。氟脲嘧啶钠对土壤氮素处理对除草剂耗散的影响极小，但对咪唑莫昔钠：咪唑乙烟（1：1）的影响尤为明显，其中，随着土壤氮含量的增加，植物毒性增加，这表明向土壤中添加氮素增加了除草剂的敏感性。研究支持以下观点：杂草控制或作物伤害不是由土壤中除草剂的总化学浓度决定的，而是由除草剂残留物对植物的生物利用度决定的。如所证明的，除草剂的生物利用度以及因此的植物毒性受许多因素的影响，其中一些因素相互作用。为了最大程度地减少使用咪唑莫西：咪唑他吡（1：1）或氟卡磺宗钠引起的农作物损害，必须设计周密的轮作，特别是对于质地粗糙，有机碳含量低且在整个生长季节中，干燥，凉爽。；在马尼托巴土壤中没有发现关于咪唑莫昔：咪唑他吡（1：1）的植物毒性的研究，在马尼托巴土壤中仅发现一项关于氟卡巴zone钠植物毒性的研究。这个硕士该项目利用东方芥菜根生物测定法对曼尼托巴的四种土壤进行了测定，以确定土壤性质，氮素施用，除草剂共施用，土壤湿度条件和土壤温度对除草剂耗散（尤其是植物毒性）的影响。根长（作为对照的百分比）是在生物测定法中测得的响应，已被证明是氟卡巴zone钠植物毒性的有效指标。

著录项

  • 作者

    Halabicki, Paula S.;

  • 作者单位

    University of Manitoba (Canada).;

  • 授予单位 University of Manitoba (Canada).;
  • 学科 Agriculture Soil Science.
  • 学位 M.Sc.
  • 年度 2009
  • 页码 109 p.
  • 总页数 109
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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