道义与事功的争议由来已久，黄宗羲目睹明王朝的覆灭，对公私关系进行了重新认识，君主不过是一姓之私，而民众之私则成为公的表现，肯定了人的自私本性和追求私利的合理性。理想的仁君应该从民生入手来治理国家。在此基础上，黄宗羲主张道义与事功应该相统一，并以此为标准对中国古代政治进行品分，从而将中国古代伦理政治观发展到一个新的境界。%The controversy of the Moral and the Utilitarian had been so long, Huang Zong-xi witnessed the collapse of the Ming dynasty, and made a new understanding of the relationship between public and private. He recognized that selfishness is human nature and the pursuit of self-interest is reasonable. People’s private became an expression of public while monarch’s private is only for his own ends. Therefore a benevolent monarch should start to govern the country from the people’s livelihood. Further Huang Zong-xi advocated the Moral and the Utilitarian should be united and took it as the new criteria for the classification of the ancient Chinese politics, by which he enhanced the ethical and political concept of ancient China to a new level.
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