After 30 years of Reform and Opening - up, our country is now in a period of high incidence of soeial stratum differentiations and social contradictions. The Frankfurt Sehool's critical theory in Western Marxism concerning stratum differentiation has an enlightening significance in the reformation of current income distribution system as well as the construction of a harmonious society. With regards of people's social status and income, the process of market - oriented socialist economic reform eoineides with the process of domestic social stratum differentiation. Two aspects are especially worth our attention: one is the objec- tive fact that market economy is bound to cause stratum differentiation, though the fundamental eanses lie not in the market econo- my itself, but in the irrational distribution of wealth throughout the reform process, which may convert stratum differentiation into stratum confrontation. The other is the subjective emotion, which originates from the objective fact of irrational distribution of wealth in an economic system, and which is mixed up with the huge emotional gulf in civil political rights and status identities. The feeling of unfair rights strengthens stratum confrontation, and the habit of binary status identity further squeezes people's psychological endurance, which results in people's lower identity of their actual social and economic conditions. Against this back- ground of stratum differentiation, a muhiple status identity, adapted for social and economic status diversification, is the require- ment for adjusting psychologieal imbalance between social communities and the urgent need to build a harmonious society.%我国在经历30年的改革开放后，目前正处于阶层分化和社会矛盾高发期。西方马克思主义的法兰克福学派关于阶层分化的批判理论，对我国当前的收入分配制度改革以及和谐社会建设有一定的启发意义。从人们的社会地位和经济收入来看，以市场为取向的社会主义经济体制改革的过程，恰是国内社会阶层分化的过程。必须看到两个方面：一是客观事实，即市场经济会导致阶层分化，但导致我国阶层分化且可能滑向阶层对抗险境的根源不在市场经济本身，而在于改革过程中财富分配的不合理。二是主体感受，即缘于经济体制的财富分配不合理这一客观事实，同时掺杂着公民政治权利和身份认同的巨大落差而产生的主体感受。权利不公平感强化了阶层的对立情绪，而二元身份认同习惯挤压了人的心理承受力，使人们对自身社会经济状况的认同感低于事实上的经济收入和地位。在阶层分化背景下，与经济社会地位多元化相适应的多元身份认同，是调适社会群体心理失衡的诉求，也是和谐社会建设的迫切需要。
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