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Sour grapes and sweet victories: How actions shape preferences

机译：酸葡萄和甜蜜的胜利：行动如何影响偏好

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Classical decision theory postulates that choices proceed from subjective values assigned to the probable outcomes of alternative actions. Some authors have argued that opposite causality should also be envisaged, with choices influencing subsequent values expressed in desirability ratings. The idea is that agents may increase their ratings of items that they have chosen in the first place, which has been typically explained by the need to reduce cognitive dissonance. However, evidence in favor of this reverse causality has been the topic of intense debates that have not reached consensus so far. Here, we take a novel approach using Bayesian techniques to compare models in which choices arise from stable (but noisy) underlying values (one-way causality) versus models in which values are in turn influenced by choices (two-way causality). Moreover, we examined whether in addition to choices, other components of previous actions, such as the effort invested and the eventual action outcome (success or failure), could also impact subsequent values. Finally, we assessed whether the putative changes in values were only expressed in explicit ratings, or whether they would also affect other value-related behaviors such as subsequent choices. Behavioral data were obtained from healthy participants in a rating-choice-rating-choice-rating paradigm, where the choice task involves deciding whether or not to exert a given physical effort to obtain a particular food item. Bayesian selection favored two-way causality models, where changes in value due to previous actions affected subsequent ratings, choices and action outcomes. Altogether, these findings may help explain how values and actions drift when several decisions are made successively, hence highlighting some shortcomings of classical decision theory.
机译：经典决策理论假设选择是从主观价值出发的，而主观价值是分配给替代行动的可能结果的。一些作者认为，也应该设想相反的因果关系，选择会影响期望等级中表达的后续值。这个想法是，代理商可以首先提高他们对所选商品的评价，这通常是由减少认知失调的需求所解释的。但是，支持这种反向因果关系的证据一直是迄今为止尚未达成共识的激烈辩论的主题。在这里，我们采用一种新颖的方法，使用贝叶斯技术比较模型（其中选择来自稳定（但嘈杂）的基础值（单向因果关系））和模型值反过来受到选择（双向因果关系）的模型。此外，我们检查了除了选择之外，先前操作的其他组成部分（例如投入的精力和最终的操作结果（成功或失败））是否也会影响后续的价值。最后，我们评估了假定的价值变化是否仅以明确的等级表示，或者它们是否还会影响其他与价值相关的行为，例如后续选择。行为数据是从评级选择-评级-选择-评级范式中的健康参与者那里获得的，其中选择任务涉及确定是否要付出一定的体力才能获得特定的食物。贝叶斯选择偏向于双向因果关系模型，在该模型中，因先前行动而导致的价值变化会影响后续评级，选择和行动结果。总而言之，这些发现可能有助于解释当连续做出多个决策时价值和行为是如何漂移的，从而突出了经典决策理论的一些缺点。

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