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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >The second law as a selection principle: The microscopic theory of dissipative processes in quantum systems
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The second law as a selection principle: The microscopic theory of dissipative processes in quantum systems

机译：作为选择原则的第二定律：量子系统中耗散过程的微观理论

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The second law of thermodynamics, for quantum systems, is formulated, on the microscopic level. As for classical systems, such a formulation is only possible when specific conditions are satisfied (continuous spectrum, nonvanishing of the collision operator, etc.). The unitary dynamical group can then be mapped into two contractive semigroups, reaching equilibrium either for t → +∞ or for t → -∞. The second law appears as a symmetry-breaking selection principle, limiting the observables and density functions to the class that tends to thermodynamic equilibrium in the future (for t → +∞). The physical content of the dynamical structure is now displayed in terms of the appropriate semigroup, which is realized through a nonunitary transformation. The superposition principle of quantum mechanics has to be reconsidered as irreversible processes transform pure states into mixtures and unitary transformations are limited by the requirement that entropy remains invariant. In the semigroup representation, interacting fields lead to units that behave incoherently at equilibrium. Inversely, nonequilibrium constraints introduce correlations between these units.
机译：在微观水平上制定了量子力学的热力学第二定律。对于经典系统，仅当满足特定条件（连续光谱，碰撞算子不消失等）时，这样的表述才有可能。然后可以将动力组映射为两个收缩半组，从而达到t→+∞或t→-∞的平衡。第二定律是一个打破对称性的选择原理，将可观测函数和密度函数限制在将来趋于热力学平衡的类别（对于t→+∞）。现在，通过适当的半群来显示动力学结构的物理内容，这是通过非单位变换实现的。量子力学的叠加原理必须重新考虑，因为不可逆过程将纯态转换为混合态，并且ary变换受熵保持不变的要求所限制。在半群表示中，相互作用的场导致单元在平衡时表现得不一致。相反，非平衡约束会在这些单元之间引入相关性。

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